tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88234198727132638392024-03-06T22:34:48.873-05:00The Art and Science of Phil the ForecasterNaturally curious about almost everything... Life is good ...The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.comBlogger864125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-77120737984415115692024-02-01T16:14:00.003-05:002024-02-02T06:42:43.814-05:00A Ground Hog's Lament<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR3ROR0YBX0B6kbQJ8SQVQA82fYN3z05e9KsOK7yEDf_XBDPT9gkKRSDSHi6DcnzcSHHbetKPWX0e3pBk8k4Xp5L7a9AAnhB28S2GQNsBQcf6loEkXgRjsRtBsGnf2QA5unFxwUHI-RIHoJZYNjgMgxqA-QDoZO5EnrsmvP0ox7HqL4S0GhyphenhyphenkT3jgqWKI/s965/Singleton-Philly-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="965" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR3ROR0YBX0B6kbQJ8SQVQA82fYN3z05e9KsOK7yEDf_XBDPT9gkKRSDSHi6DcnzcSHHbetKPWX0e3pBk8k4Xp5L7a9AAnhB28S2GQNsBQcf6loEkXgRjsRtBsGnf2QA5unFxwUHI-RIHoJZYNjgMgxqA-QDoZO5EnrsmvP0ox7HqL4S0GhyphenhyphenkT3jgqWKI/w320-h286/Singleton-Philly-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><div>February 2nd may be Ground Hog Day but this one is very different! What winter? </div><div><br /></div><div>We can’t have six more weeks of something that has yet to arrive. </div><div><br /></div><div>The Rideau Canal Skateway is "<i>temporarily</i>" closed, until further notice. Good luck with that! The rest of February has temperatures not far from freezing. The change of state of H2O between gas, water and ice can explain a lot of those temperatures. Then we are into March - more of the same but a bit warmer. Skating the Rideau Canal in Ottawa started in 1970 but is highly unlikely in 2024. Why? </div><p></p><div style="text-align: left;">I was a very keen but naive "<i>furcaster</i>" in 1976. So much to learn to make a difference! But along with the burgeoning science of meteorology, I was also able to witness first-hand, the impacts of global warming and climate change. I started doing presentations on those topics along with severe weather (<i>which goes hand-in-hand with climate change</i>) in 1988 and never stopped. The clients I served much-preferred realism in my <i>furcasts </i>as opposed to abstract predictions (<i>untruths</i>) of the environment.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">The following graph summarizes what we witnessed and what the knowledgeable Climate Scientists of the Atmospheric Environment Service were accurately predicting. </div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XMXkjF4YLezeaJZ97wZdyCLqL2XZpYARiGq-3TiYHSeg8qlEBXI5v-SuFnFtpjAjXxOkk-7-3bltHtizcGbzf7NNjYQMAuomuv7DtXMaebb4w7PSgoU1SqmrzAqhTSnMWJxzfym76jdNrl68yR6qHGBZtKRKmF1p1QQsnmEK3VPyRKuD61s2_bPe4n8/s1203/Weather-Climate-2023-3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="1203" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XMXkjF4YLezeaJZ97wZdyCLqL2XZpYARiGq-3TiYHSeg8qlEBXI5v-SuFnFtpjAjXxOkk-7-3bltHtizcGbzf7NNjYQMAuomuv7DtXMaebb4w7PSgoU1SqmrzAqhTSnMWJxzfym76jdNrl68yR6qHGBZtKRKmF1p1QQsnmEK3VPyRKuD61s2_bPe4n8/w640-h402/Weather-Climate-2023-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Sadly 2023 will be the latest in the string of record hot years. The following image from October 2023 highlights that the poles are warming faster than the equatorial regions just as forecast. Snow melting from the poles exposes a darker surface that efficiently absorbs the sun's energy. The weakening jet stream follows a highly meandering path along the line of latitude. Blocking weather patterns and split atmospheric flows create a different sort of weather! The public has learnt the hard way about "<i>atmospheric rivers</i>" (<i>see the 2009 COMET Module - </i></span><span style="text-align: left;"><i>Satellite Feature Identification: Atmospheric Rivers by Singleton Philly</i>)</span><span style="text-align: left;">, drought, heat and freezing rain. </span></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnAR9YCpGkRGRlN-NdWd1mBLF1oWxHZdU7kxPA94pjWNdBFwwLn5XlKEbpcXC5kg6pYNhjAPXck6jdczCH2wWjuNBA-kJPoauDb5UF09O7aBvLbwf-luAINZ38xuXLZWVpt1VWPNeZY5CR7jLE86FwokTyiV1jvh8p0C1JjytPPz-m3ejfQOeQXQfnfWg/s1287/October-2023-Record-Hot1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1196" data-original-width="1287" height="594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnAR9YCpGkRGRlN-NdWd1mBLF1oWxHZdU7kxPA94pjWNdBFwwLn5XlKEbpcXC5kg6pYNhjAPXck6jdczCH2wWjuNBA-kJPoauDb5UF09O7aBvLbwf-luAINZ38xuXLZWVpt1VWPNeZY5CR7jLE86FwokTyiV1jvh8p0C1JjytPPz-m3ejfQOeQXQfnfWg/w640-h594/October-2023-Record-Hot1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>I am the last of my groundhog colony. Scorching temperatures have dried the soils so that even dirt will blaze now. There is a lot of peat and humus to further fuel the flames. The Boreal forest is comprised of spruce and pine that are loaded with resins ready to explode with the intensity of several nuclear bombs. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0zw_07NLcNhom-hVCLw9zAAcy5a89ULD1k_qM0FzxBdBduT-51lLBh82hJIqQrxoDYACS5lvINkvVF1LRNrD90AEvblhHgDbKA4zF-ud8rV9VhYXtnheVkW4zTiexoqmo7hGBqXqzJTr4XuySXyIKlaEty-ULVU2WGHtrYpLrFbT4Y8LcGENNyLQKgPI/s620/fort-mcmurray-fire-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="620" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0zw_07NLcNhom-hVCLw9zAAcy5a89ULD1k_qM0FzxBdBduT-51lLBh82hJIqQrxoDYACS5lvINkvVF1LRNrD90AEvblhHgDbKA4zF-ud8rV9VhYXtnheVkW4zTiexoqmo7hGBqXqzJTr4XuySXyIKlaEty-ULVU2WGHtrYpLrFbT4Y8LcGENNyLQKgPI/w640-h360/fort-mcmurray-fire-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fort McMurray wildfires 2016</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoa1Aowobz0wAgfMtND0FFdZXtEmPKHdA28nxFYD_ECLbQb30n9XNa1BkYEj4tzex53fHNLVXYdkZJ7crZuphukqJuNEu4X6ScFgGhR4jXdkXxPaLFKv5JTAl78yY779cXerGnGEs6bfz9PqsOqcLFbikVVSq5HRDGui4JL6Qr4mQNzQVr__XuQuiXiLU/s1869/Fire-Weather-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1869" data-original-width="1280" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoa1Aowobz0wAgfMtND0FFdZXtEmPKHdA28nxFYD_ECLbQb30n9XNa1BkYEj4tzex53fHNLVXYdkZJ7crZuphukqJuNEu4X6ScFgGhR4jXdkXxPaLFKv5JTAl78yY779cXerGnGEs6bfz9PqsOqcLFbikVVSq5HRDGui4JL6Qr4mQNzQVr__XuQuiXiLU/s320/Fire-Weather-1.jpg" width="219" /></a></div><p>Even ground hogs can be educated and read! "<i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/06/books/review/fire-weather-john-vaillant.html" target="_blank">Fire Weather</a></i>" by my friend John Vaillant is essentially a textbook on the science and sociological aspects of climate change disguised as an action tale about the Fort McMurray wildfires. If you only have time to read 25 pages in 2024, please read Chapter 20. The planet is almost a quarter of the way into the Century of Fire and is on the threshold of "<i>OnePointFive-Celsius</i>" with full steam ahead into the Petrocene.</p><p>Be prepared for another smokey, hot and dangerous fire season in 2024. It will start early and probably not even end. '<i>Zombie fires</i>' continue to burn even under thick layers of snow... only to be reborn in the spring. </p><p>I was one lucky ground hog to make it 35-plus years in the Canadian weather service. I used satellite data to monitor the actual environment; those sensors do not lie. The Ottawa Boss Hog answer to the climate crisis was to threaten those who used the words "<i>climate change</i>" in a sentence. Those were apparently four letter words. </p><p>This naive hog survived two maybe three program review purges that threatened to terminate my furcasting career prematurely. The new Boss Hog promised change and even included the forbidden words in the name of the department. Sadly nothing has changed and Canada is racing Russia to the bottom of the heap of laggards in the response to the climate crisis. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB1I3VIcATBuI1hh8nT5a5RawUULe3cb11Hx3GfM8qQG5fwfMsiolyzhTU66sbJbCeyVMUuljMXMdPmyzZjrN9OoeI3pAxKu2xfeHd85T9QZ56bW9IPRSZLeXGm-M0DX-eYR41fgMlnm1_KWA3iUmccm2QcPVt5eosi6H_BwWEb3QVcMk-PUxa-Mbr2f8/s615/Singleton-Philly-Ground-hog-day-studio-2.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="615" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB1I3VIcATBuI1hh8nT5a5RawUULe3cb11Hx3GfM8qQG5fwfMsiolyzhTU66sbJbCeyVMUuljMXMdPmyzZjrN9OoeI3pAxKu2xfeHd85T9QZ56bW9IPRSZLeXGm-M0DX-eYR41fgMlnm1_KWA3iUmccm2QcPVt5eosi6H_BwWEb3QVcMk-PUxa-Mbr2f8/s320/Singleton-Philly-Ground-hog-day-studio-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">For those who noticed, I had a makeover <br />from albino to brown... No sun or shadow at <br />Singleton on the morning of February 2nd.<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Boss Hogs may think of me as an activist… but Singleton Philly is just a realist who wanted to contribute positively. Now he is watching the tipping points tumble. A few developers continue to get filthy rich with one or two more big paydays using the fossil fuels of the Petrocene. <p></p><p>Singleton Philly tried to make a difference from within… I was one naive little chuck - tried hard but completely failed the next generation.</p><p>The carbon footprint is very small within my Sanctuary - planting trees, looking after nature and painting pictures of my surviving friends.</p><p>Have a good day eh!</p><p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</p><p>Phil the Furcaster Chadwick </p>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-39918877650847722872023-12-29T11:39:00.002-05:002024-01-07T05:23:51.449-05:00What Goes Up ...<p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSJzZq4zGvFZ4hKC2MQG2EQXf7QhKnFc2a6fVrYTSejeZ8qQdLpYa7tNECCQoNAO5k-tbX7qJFDnjN6e92taOFNeGRddGRNGRZ10JN0uy3uuK2fiGmLmfs_08UPp9NRNhhxDHg5ZytJpHKFq561lmDLC8afZ4EVlNxAWuRAJLr3EdL2myHg1evR1DKTVw/s663/Balloon-WatershedFarm-2002-1.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="663" data-original-width="400" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSJzZq4zGvFZ4hKC2MQG2EQXf7QhKnFc2a6fVrYTSejeZ8qQdLpYa7tNECCQoNAO5k-tbX7qJFDnjN6e92taOFNeGRddGRNGRZ10JN0uy3uuK2fiGmLmfs_08UPp9NRNhhxDHg5ZytJpHKFq561lmDLC8afZ4EVlNxAWuRAJLr3EdL2myHg1evR1DKTVw/w241-h400/Balloon-WatershedFarm-2002-1.jpg" width="241" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hot Air Balloon over <br />Watershed Farm at the crest of <br />the Oak Ridges Moraine 2002</td></tr></tbody></table>What Goes Up ... must come down. One of my topics to teach in the Training Branch of the then Atmospheric Environment Service in the mid-eighties, was the Tephigram <i>(invented by Napier Shaw in 1915</i>). The apparent mash of lines baffled many of the students but the Tephigram Thermodynamic Chart was really a thing of beauty. Those lines could reveal the nuances of the current state of the atmosphere that were unavailable elsewhere. The Tephigram was all about conserving energy (<i>entropy</i>) - not only the energy in the atmosphere but the work required by meteorologists to really understand the weather. <p></p><p>I have frequently used the metaphor of "<i>hot air balloons</i>" to place the image of air parcels in the reader's imagination. The atmosphere's reality is even simpler and starts with the Ideal Gas Law. There will be no complex mathematics or science but at the end of this blog, you will be able to read the cloud shapes to deduce the vertical profile of the atmospheric ocean - and vice versa. It really is that simple. </p><p>The Ideal Gas Law states that for a parcel of air, the multiple of Pressure times Volume is directly proportional to its Temperature (PV=nRT). If we do not change the energy content of that parcel, one can follow the air in its vertical travels within the atmosphere. If the hot air balloon (<i>of constant volume</i>) remains warmer than its environment, it will continue to rise away from its starting point - an unstable situation. A balloon that becomes cooler than its environment must sink back to where it again matches the temperature of the vertical profile- a stable environment. This is the basis of thermodynamic graphs like the Canadian Tephigram or the American Skew-T. These graphs both have a vertical axis of height that mimics the height in the real atmosphere. </p><p>Knowledge of the vertical profile of the atmosphere is absolutely essential if one wants to understand and forecast the weather. Here is where my favourite type of balloon was essential. For every parcel of air, meteorologists need to know the pressure, dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature and wind. The drift of the balloon in time and space allows the calculation of the atmospheric winds. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg9YyosjDSfuP3hpTFkMldUYX3urI_vGl-1iT1uQF5nDluF5jkpjvWOqhmq-8aiaBarAF4VXwSYrLQVv6zDWLQGGGQMNkTfkDYV2nZw_dTdU2vckzq1T2NmWiH_S1uuuiypjQJ2cxj1ASkFs-eLBE1gG-pr_TmG5hET6Rqkgjbwo3w3kBlaSK1L9E3o_Y/s4379/Sable-Island-Fam-Flight-May-1985-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2742" data-original-width="4379" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg9YyosjDSfuP3hpTFkMldUYX3urI_vGl-1iT1uQF5nDluF5jkpjvWOqhmq-8aiaBarAF4VXwSYrLQVv6zDWLQGGGQMNkTfkDYV2nZw_dTdU2vckzq1T2NmWiH_S1uuuiypjQJ2cxj1ASkFs-eLBE1gG-pr_TmG5hET6Rqkgjbwo3w3kBlaSK1L9E3o_Y/w400-h250/Sable-Island-Fam-Flight-May-1985-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sable Island Radiosonde "Shack" May 1985 off the <br />southeast shore of Nova Scotia. Releasing a weather balloon<br /> is far more challenging than you might suspect. </td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvmYSW3U7TK7tw0SOCi-VJfqXN9xN-BxxjdHp_L6aHMNutudyWnddw99gofvcGMT4C7M8o4xsIf82M7rO6XMszqVhSSeW4amizJ1Htdws3tbiV6BT44nH0iHkcKmf0g74Vv6iywwyhVcAP4lOuSmNVu1mcLwlQo5hyphenhyphenhunSZAIp8wA9wQOAYGhe3aP91Xg/s900/weather_balloon-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="900" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvmYSW3U7TK7tw0SOCi-VJfqXN9xN-BxxjdHp_L6aHMNutudyWnddw99gofvcGMT4C7M8o4xsIf82M7rO6XMszqVhSSeW4amizJ1Htdws3tbiV6BT44nH0iHkcKmf0g74Vv6iywwyhVcAP4lOuSmNVu1mcLwlQo5hyphenhyphenhunSZAIp8wA9wQOAYGhe3aP91Xg/s320/weather_balloon-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p>These atmospheric measurements are typically measured twice a day using radiosonde instruments tethered to a weather balloon. Similar measurements can now be more economically made using satellite data. In addition, commercial aircraft can continuously sample these quantities and relay the information to be fed into the computer simulations of the atmosphere. Times may have changed, the the vertical information about the atmosphere is still the crux of the forecast. </p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Introducing the Lines of the Tephigram </b></p><p>The pressure at any level of the atmosphere is just the weight of the air above that level. As one travels upward within the air column, there must be less air above and thus the pressure must be lower. Keeping the energy content of the constant volume air parcel unchanged, the temperature of the air parcel must decrease as the pressure decreases (<i>P varies directly with T</i>). These are adiabatic motions in which neither<i> heat nor moisture are added to the parcel. </i>A parcel of air that is not saturated, cools at the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 9.8 degrees Celsius per kilometre rise in altitude. The "<i>Dry Adiabats</i>" are straight brown lines in the Tephigram. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsLsZRxnPJlAaMebjaKnHuGN0WSyAc3yqkhXmZ5SFfQitqI92SE-7dMfGPWB-XFlcGdV5OHK3TjjW_jqgBP_sDtI17VVYMtffol5_l34UiTISwEwQkVav5pScm6yYtvZ_tUiV9B6krplHsDKj_a3nVxRrIulEoReIEOrJpn8F2HRuuGxJyCuoLXSzuDlE/s1572/Tephigram-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="934" data-original-width="1572" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsLsZRxnPJlAaMebjaKnHuGN0WSyAc3yqkhXmZ5SFfQitqI92SE-7dMfGPWB-XFlcGdV5OHK3TjjW_jqgBP_sDtI17VVYMtffol5_l34UiTISwEwQkVav5pScm6yYtvZ_tUiV9B6krplHsDKj_a3nVxRrIulEoReIEOrJpn8F2HRuuGxJyCuoLXSzuDlE/w640-h380/Tephigram-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p>But air parcels contain moisture! If the moisture in that air parcel remains as water vapour, that air parcel still cools at the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 9.8 degrees Celius per kilometre. That rate of cooling continues until the temperature of the air parcel reaches the dewpoint. At that temperature, the air parcel is saturated and can no longer contain all of the water vapour - some of which must condense out as water droplets. That precipitation falls out of the parcel and is gone... </p><p>The dashed, brown Mixing Ratio Lines in the above graphic, start at the Parcel Dew Point Temperature. The dew point which is a measure of the amount of water vapour that a saturated air parcel can hold at that pressure has a lapse rate of about 1.8 degrees Celius per kilometre (the dashed, brown, straight lines). The amount of moisture within that air parcel is read in grams of water per kilogram of dry air. That quantity is the brown number read by following the Mixing Ratio Lines down to the bottom of the Tephigram. </p><p>The condensation process releases the heat of vaporization (<i>latent heat</i>) into the air parcel which offsets some of the cooling of the dry adiabatic lapse rate. From this point upward, the parcel of air is saturated and the excess water vapour is shed as precipitation while the latent heat energy is contained within the air parcel. </p><p>The moist adiabatic lapse rate is only about half of the dry adiabatic lapse rate - 4 to 6 degrees Celius per kilometre. The amount of heat of vaporization released into the parcel is dependent on the amount of water vapour condensed out. There is less water vapour in the upper atmosphere so these curved moist adiabatic lapse rate lines straighten out at higher elevations to become nearly parallel to the dry adiabatic lapse rates. The "<i>Moist Adiabats</i>" are shaded, curved brown areas on the Tephigram. </p><p>Note that the amount of moisture remaining in the saturated parcel rising along the moist adiabat can be read by following the Mixing Ratio Lines down to the bottom of the Tephigram. </p><p>When saturated parcels of air start to descend, they immediately are no longer saturated and warm at the dry adiabatic lapse rate. This is what happens when virga falls from elevated clouds but evaporates before reaching the ground and becoming classified as bonafide precipitation. </p>The vertical, adiabatic path of any parcel in the atmosphere can be followed or predicted using these simple concepts and the graphs that describe them. The main reason that tephigrams are used by the Meteorological Service of Canada is the property that areas contained by the curves have equal energies for equal areas. This is immensely valuable when diagnosing convective storms.<div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Applying the Tehpigram Concepts to a Convectively Unstable Atmosphere</b></div><div><br /><div>The following graphic summarizes the main points of interest for a convectively unstable Environmental Temperature Profile (ETP) which is the heavy black line in the following graphic. The above concepts will be revisited and perhaps better explained using this example. </div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnE-g-fryztYzOXeseYOf-zQAYjQfDAUKFSlP69eX49PARpt5BJ2dNMGRwW_dZ3Lqv1gfjA8Z4h_FyyGbAH2Rigz4dMi3CJNIHgw2h0lIaOWStCSNSSAk6jw1Iev_Ecm3CPhq5eopAqgALXnT9M9NqhYWYHAgiyPMDmE17QeDIe1aH7-x4ANLiv6JEeT8/s974/Tephigram-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="974" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnE-g-fryztYzOXeseYOf-zQAYjQfDAUKFSlP69eX49PARpt5BJ2dNMGRwW_dZ3Lqv1gfjA8Z4h_FyyGbAH2Rigz4dMi3CJNIHgw2h0lIaOWStCSNSSAk6jw1Iev_Ecm3CPhq5eopAqgALXnT9M9NqhYWYHAgiyPMDmE17QeDIe1aH7-x4ANLiv6JEeT8/w640-h498/Tephigram-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A simplified version of the Tephigram with the Important Levels Labelled<br />The Wet Bulb Potential Temperature is a conservative property characteristic<br />of an air mass</td></tr></tbody></table><p>An air parcel rising from Level A at Pressure<b> p</b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">0</span> immediately becomes cooler than the Environmental Temperature Profile, ETP. That parcel will stop rising unless the Convective Inhibition (CIN) energy is provided by some lifting mechanism like wind turbulence. </p><p>At point D, the parcel cooling along the dry adiabat matches the dew point that was lifted along the mixing ration lines. At Level B, the air parcel becomes saturated and can hold no more moisture. The Lifted Condensation Level (LCL) is the base of the cloud. </p><p>From Point D to C, the air parcel is still cooler than the environment and reliant on the lifting mechanism to keep it going upward. Wind turbulence is the most likely agent to get this work done. </p><p>At Point C the parcel becomes warmer than the environment and rises like a hot air balloon. This is the Level of Free Convection (LFC). From C to E, the parcel accelerates upward gaining kinetic energy (<i>the red hatched area identified as CAPE, Convective Available Potential Energy</i>) on its journey. The level of maximum buoyancy is where the temperature excess above that of the environment is maximized. </p><p>At Point E, the parcel becomes colder than the environment but gets to spend the kinetic energy that it picked up above C and the level of free convection. The rising parcel spends all of its convective energy (<i>CAPE</i>) to reach Point F - and the convective cloud is Finished. </p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Vertical Stability Determined by the Orientation of the <span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Environmental Temperature Profile (ETP)</span></b></p><p></p><p>The concept of vertical stability on the Environmental Temperature Profile (ETP) is essential to understand the clouds. Those ideas are explained again using the relative orientations of the ETP as compared to the moist and dry adiabats. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPqomJixdHHF_yx_KYlSH0400UI_CHrQJNCWIC-_421t4p6pULdbMjC-yVPoa3DoEMtzeixJS6cxuYHmXIDWJ2DxF7nE4IZ4UOAYuJ5trAQyMZhBiTl_YL8GTlcHbjWoesZPIJoTXQxXE-3w7iA7pDx1zCab-bYOsJeIv0N5SSg41nIFmVh__sw285LDQ/s1608/Tephigram-3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="902" data-original-width="1608" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPqomJixdHHF_yx_KYlSH0400UI_CHrQJNCWIC-_421t4p6pULdbMjC-yVPoa3DoEMtzeixJS6cxuYHmXIDWJ2DxF7nE4IZ4UOAYuJ5trAQyMZhBiTl_YL8GTlcHbjWoesZPIJoTXQxXE-3w7iA7pDx1zCab-bYOsJeIv0N5SSg41nIFmVh__sw285LDQ/w640-h360/Tephigram-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p><b>Now to apply this information to cloud watching:</b></p><p style="text-align: left;">The cloudy bases at the Lifted Condensation Level (LCL) will reveal how the air parcel arrived at that level:</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>surface heating and convective air parcel ascent</li><li>turbulent wind mixing </li></ul><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;">The cloud tops will reveal:</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>how much energy the air parcels gained on their ascent</li><li>the strength of the inversion</li></ul><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;">The cloud depth is either:</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>for convective clouds the extent of the unstable layer from LCL through the LFC to E and finally F where all of the CAPE has been used up. </li><li>the amplitude of the gravity waves in the stable environment</li></ul><div style="text-align: left;">If the air parcels are lifted by heating from the ground, the "<i>hot air balloons</i>" rise in an organized fashion to reach the lifted condemnation level. The cloud bases must be level and uniform.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><p>If the cloud tops are like cauliflower blooms, the air parcels are rising vigorously in an unstable atmosphere with lots of convective, buoyant energy (CAPE). </p><p>If the cloud tops are flat and smooth, the air parcels have reached their equilibrium level and expended all of their accumulated convective energy (<i>at F for finished in the above graphic</i>). </p></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVdTfFf0IaV-ALQVA4sWYG401C6Y4B5RJBwKqQMIUBkr0gYGv8I966uh_Oy0eG-2K5H9Tkzl9gd1caiddOHWBxO9fjnXWlVtb5a-qb1jA81B9eCWFUfrB7ChU3-d1urHNaGzpbjHvw2CR9aJcqjFcOBTdiS0WR63M72mD2kb1KX1BIsIbhKiweFddernU/s1381/Tephigram-5.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="844" data-original-width="1381" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVdTfFf0IaV-ALQVA4sWYG401C6Y4B5RJBwKqQMIUBkr0gYGv8I966uh_Oy0eG-2K5H9Tkzl9gd1caiddOHWBxO9fjnXWlVtb5a-qb1jA81B9eCWFUfrB7ChU3-d1urHNaGzpbjHvw2CR9aJcqjFcOBTdiS0WR63M72mD2kb1KX1BIsIbhKiweFddernU/w640-h392/Tephigram-5.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Towering Cumulus viewed over New York State looking south across the St. Lawrence River from Brockville. An example of an unstable Environmental Temperature Profile (ETP). Daytime heating of the surface does all of the work to lift the air parcels to the LCL and LFC. </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div>Suppose the air parcels are lifted by turbulent mixing, especially over rugged terrain. In that case, the cloud bases must be turbulent. As well as the lifted condensation level is distorted by the terrain and the nonuniform mixing of the air parcels.<br /><p></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJxJbk8G0YVdrr4cpv9CZI9ZCFz0Ah6nsmCC8jNhrYkHmEg8MrJeJVAKMu3pGHYvjeUDm3ERpJabC5fPIWudbtQ-OwgDv51Kra2geivEExM3zx1ZiAqJy4-w0aqfdpKzQ6owgec05pHbZAbrHAV-ESBki31odc94QUnbojJ7X5Iba1nha9usLg8Hdgoh8/s1290/Tephigram-4.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="939" data-original-width="1290" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJxJbk8G0YVdrr4cpv9CZI9ZCFz0Ah6nsmCC8jNhrYkHmEg8MrJeJVAKMu3pGHYvjeUDm3ERpJabC5fPIWudbtQ-OwgDv51Kra2geivEExM3zx1ZiAqJy4-w0aqfdpKzQ6owgec05pHbZAbrHAV-ESBki31odc94QUnbojJ7X5Iba1nha9usLg8Hdgoh8/w640-h466/Tephigram-4.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Turbulent stratocumulus viewed over eastern Ontario looking northwest across some fine farmland. An example of turbulent winds lifting the air parcels to the LCL.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p>A stable environment is where the air parcel rises into a warmer environment which encourages the cooler parcels to return to their original level - starting point. A parcel that is descending in a stable environment remains warmer than the atmosphere and returns buoyant back to where it starts. The air parcel behaves like a rubber ducky in the bathtub. If one adds a horizontal wind to blow the rubber duck, the trace of the path of the duck is a gravity wave oriented perpendicular to that wind. </p><p>If the environment is stable, look for stratiform, layered clouds and gravity waves. The wind at cloud level must be perpendicular to those gravity waves like waves on a lake. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh4Zbhdy1POQKhPovx2RLDztikAxs49es2pDNQtoSsOWaOYrr5WbLCQ-6F21T89ES-h2bX9yYx0GArutjvL4sSETPb9LkSDB8bRSYhgrVoFmISy0g1JO4PUYGJCydoFnkUMPEg1D5PNezO6V4sqHI4Lr1okxmvUR3Z2TCHYCVLM0AKpi_kEoXNZmbigfA/s851/Gravity-Wave-Graphic-Chadwick-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="851" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh4Zbhdy1POQKhPovx2RLDztikAxs49es2pDNQtoSsOWaOYrr5WbLCQ-6F21T89ES-h2bX9yYx0GArutjvL4sSETPb9LkSDB8bRSYhgrVoFmISy0g1JO4PUYGJCydoFnkUMPEg1D5PNezO6V4sqHI4Lr1okxmvUR3Z2TCHYCVLM0AKpi_kEoXNZmbigfA/w640-h400/Gravity-Wave-Graphic-Chadwick-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p>Regular bands of smooth-edged clouds reveal the gravity waves of air rising into and through the wave crests and then sinking into the troughs of the gravity waves. Classic gravity wave patterns are revealed when the flow straddles the lifted condensation level. One may be able to watch the cloud form on the upwind edges approaching the wave crest and dissipating tendrils subsiding into the troughs: The entire pattern tends to shift with the wind in the atmospheric frame of reference. </p><p>The same circulations occur with or without moisture tracers. When the LCL is above the circulation there will be no cloud created. If the LCL is below the layer of gravity waves, all that might be witnessed is the regular cloud thickening in the crest regions or thinning in the wave troughs. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgifSb6iI4kZkMYd9EzTyWHJem-CDHa6wGBrrgoBM9PQtwn-7BiN9v20JH4GrKIn1S9eGULCE08LjYU3nZBEgZ_d_mt06uRn8-z-5QCOMUw6DMRTv8p76FL9Dhdc8bvwJEPAoYRFiTj7HTjY3HGKkVLInLgCf7xqXE4OLj6TQbZupmoSiAOa0PololCI2k/s1527/Gravity-waves-3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="1527" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgifSb6iI4kZkMYd9EzTyWHJem-CDHa6wGBrrgoBM9PQtwn-7BiN9v20JH4GrKIn1S9eGULCE08LjYU3nZBEgZ_d_mt06uRn8-z-5QCOMUw6DMRTv8p76FL9Dhdc8bvwJEPAoYRFiTj7HTjY3HGKkVLInLgCf7xqXE4OLj6TQbZupmoSiAOa0PololCI2k/w640-h360/Gravity-waves-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p>In an unstable environment, a rising air parcel remains warmer than its environment and continues to climb away from its starting level. If the environment is unstable, look for cumuliform, convective clouds and cloud streets or streaks. The wind at cloud level must be parallel to those Langmuir-type circulations. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDweFyD3hKRxEOOeDgbghjwC0B8trSyodHBy9gzdBQ8NGj-gXeNN-O9QxVBq14TZyNEv52SOxZEFW2ca9-y5j7AwtGdmqQt8MS2Mb-Tz21BCi-Mf2OexL4C9jD6gQ7aNtbXZhop_xf5Z5vyYOeaN4Li03G1bD4GO1P7sMHXGPe54tuPI_9lPTSTOjyKlg/s1120/Langmuir-Streaks-5.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="1120" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDweFyD3hKRxEOOeDgbghjwC0B8trSyodHBy9gzdBQ8NGj-gXeNN-O9QxVBq14TZyNEv52SOxZEFW2ca9-y5j7AwtGdmqQt8MS2Mb-Tz21BCi-Mf2OexL4C9jD6gQ7aNtbXZhop_xf5Z5vyYOeaN4Li03G1bD4GO1P7sMHXGPe54tuPI_9lPTSTOjyKlg/w640-h316/Langmuir-Streaks-5.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Langmuir Conceptual Model of Streaks in an Unstable Environment</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Since the wind parallels the cloud bands, the lines will not shift significantly in any lateral direction. Individual cloud elements will move along that line in the direction of the wind.</p><p>Langmuir streaks are most commonly witnessed as snowsqualls which result when cold air flows over a warm body of water. Langmuir streaks also parallel the jet stream if the atmosphere has an unstable layer below the tropopause. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZv73a05rZ5dOz5tscm5TTbJU9n_Azh8ljzEELpHVEoUk-StS1Vs5e-rGx4j1BqN36susqdREF5OH00x-wLW-vqHzKnZTjoGZT-u8TkGEsPkjOkdsI0FfMXx4MMO7LoRApGiAKyZCWnGAyqZFHqn7Du6ldvFo_wUv8AO_LOmEnYRhRr-KJ6g3i-5v16Vs/s875/Cloud-Streets-graphic.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="875" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZv73a05rZ5dOz5tscm5TTbJU9n_Azh8ljzEELpHVEoUk-StS1Vs5e-rGx4j1BqN36susqdREF5OH00x-wLW-vqHzKnZTjoGZT-u8TkGEsPkjOkdsI0FfMXx4MMO7LoRApGiAKyZCWnGAyqZFHqn7Du6ldvFo_wUv8AO_LOmEnYRhRr-KJ6g3i-5v16Vs/w640-h292/Cloud-Streets-graphic.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL-w4bKsAFrjZ1SelObDjTw4Vm-Bi0w287H_JJL50UjSgKQ7toX8bA3IjZnBOl2Vl0MODHTa-cS9aZyLzm2yXgTpAZPLoQebKUydKWksTAALBG_Bzsh4cLg1xmgj_Yw3KOW1v1ObGOAO2RfUBKu5YgJLxjUWSt_JsQRisxa5GuTdalwb-U_kvR363F-6E/s735/Tephigram-6.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="717" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL-w4bKsAFrjZ1SelObDjTw4Vm-Bi0w287H_JJL50UjSgKQ7toX8bA3IjZnBOl2Vl0MODHTa-cS9aZyLzm2yXgTpAZPLoQebKUydKWksTAALBG_Bzsh4cLg1xmgj_Yw3KOW1v1ObGOAO2RfUBKu5YgJLxjUWSt_JsQRisxa5GuTdalwb-U_kvR363F-6E/w390-h400/Tephigram-6.jpg" width="390" /></a></div>The next step in making the Tephigram a vital tool to employ in understanding the weather is to add the hodograph the vertical plot of observed winds to the side of the chart. The hodograph includes the earth-frame winds as measured from the surface to as high as the weather balloon goes before it pops. Shifting winds in the vertical determine many meteorological quantities like thermal advection, helicity and storm structure. <p></p><p>The Tephigram provides a great deal of information about the atmosphere. This Blog just scratches the surface but provides enough to understand and appreciate the cloud shapes. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTHtcjT6OgCN4VHqR9pqDWMs1fsOZUELud2MXLHeRF4MP3Dpynos0u_LdiL3QpDwf8VMw1r83-mHPeyKlEnxRSWXw37zaWHwNgtDDmi-GHxcn3USDumjIlbOAR3x3tk4wRX2z2JUu5ozeeDYrFmwLMbldYXU-7qWpQZ8DDfLt5YLjrE_93qyDxnt7humQ/s3948/Training-Branch-Ugly-Tie-Day-1986.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2732" data-original-width="3948" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTHtcjT6OgCN4VHqR9pqDWMs1fsOZUELud2MXLHeRF4MP3Dpynos0u_LdiL3QpDwf8VMw1r83-mHPeyKlEnxRSWXw37zaWHwNgtDDmi-GHxcn3USDumjIlbOAR3x3tk4wRX2z2JUu5ozeeDYrFmwLMbldYXU-7qWpQZ8DDfLt5YLjrE_93qyDxnt7humQ/w400-h276/Training-Branch-Ugly-Tie-Day-1986.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Phil the Forecaster at Training Branch 1986</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The secrets of the real atmosphere are now at your fingerprints although I much prefer the atmospheric frame of reference winds - but that is another story. </p><p>The characteristics of the bottom, sides and top of every cloud can be deduced by keeping this simplified Tephigram in mind. The Tephigram was my friend and a vital requirement to understand the actual atmospheric ocean - along with remote sensing (<i>satellite and radar</i>) of course... I never put myself in harm's way of the weather when I could study even the most severe conditions from a safe distance.</p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,<p></p><p>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</p><p>PS: If you made it this far, give yourself a gold star! You are on the way to understanding the wonder of the weather. </p><p><br /></p></div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-54380942665953958402023-09-04T10:43:00.015-04:002023-09-05T09:42:01.672-04:00I Love Weather..<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1pSo_5Rs0H7_BHEl3o2vfECg-RkAkzmeQQz0BGWvfjoIspcDcianEfwJ4kdO4JGUhebVaD8sxl--VVPVEGp_iErVBtCDko3C6FAjcHMNFZ0Pp3TdmJIz8Xw3q4osY7z2BHOzAHgUirFA5at-rBN7jeh5hlndL1QFyfB2-Rv_wOSQaWpTbQhYJL2QbrfE/s640/Singleton-Sanctuary-September-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="640" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1pSo_5Rs0H7_BHEl3o2vfECg-RkAkzmeQQz0BGWvfjoIspcDcianEfwJ4kdO4JGUhebVaD8sxl--VVPVEGp_iErVBtCDko3C6FAjcHMNFZ0Pp3TdmJIz8Xw3q4osY7z2BHOzAHgUirFA5at-rBN7jeh5hlndL1QFyfB2-Rv_wOSQaWpTbQhYJL2QbrfE/w400-h210/Singleton-Sanctuary-September-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />I recently attended a meeting of local residents considering the possibility of forming a lake association. The question was asked: <div><div style="text-align: center;">"<i>What do you love about the lake?</i>"</div><p></p><p>Thirty seconds were allotted for the response so that the forty or fifty people in attendance could all get a chance to voice their favourite thing. That was not enough time. My ten-second response boiled down to "<i>I Love Weather</i>" Please let me explain.</p><p>As Dorothy said, "<i>There is No Place Like Home.</i>" Place has always been vitally important to us. If you are happy in your own skin and your environment, there is no reason to go anywhere. Travel is not as much fun as it used to be anyway. We spent more than twenty years looking before finding our Sanctuary at Singleton Lake. That time and effort devoted to searching was well spent … along with all of our savings. </p><p>The boundaries of our search area were defined mainly by the weather. As with every reliable forecast, one must start with the big picture before you can drill down to the specifics. Climate change was thus the starting point and those parameters were well established even in 1980 when the legwork began. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9bEaijKi2TE5V1rDzn8SsL2pjrAZ74Dc_nGqwkYtKRSfPqnULSSlaPj9Q03yV_s9hu-osLOiDw_MKUURH35qSK4g-dmaiRxBT3r5iU28N-O4PablVsb---EwXsejgw29IKXBjIJR2P5LY27H8CA5Oh_eAGMvkjAieSFf9-8lwpIOyAjL-qYcpVrXw-8M/s2072/Climatological-Temperature-Records.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1658" data-original-width="2072" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9bEaijKi2TE5V1rDzn8SsL2pjrAZ74Dc_nGqwkYtKRSfPqnULSSlaPj9Q03yV_s9hu-osLOiDw_MKUURH35qSK4g-dmaiRxBT3r5iU28N-O4PablVsb---EwXsejgw29IKXBjIJR2P5LY27H8CA5Oh_eAGMvkjAieSFf9-8lwpIOyAjL-qYcpVrXw-8M/w400-h320/Climatological-Temperature-Records.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Michael Mann's best estimate of global temperature trends including uncertainty - the "<i>hockey stick</i>' graph. The Earth was going to warm quickly as climate tipping points started to fall like dominoes.</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrLD46E6dw4CnF9g0hHsMKvuKHfPTFm8t0q_wt34N1SulTq9lcodbfyRJgsuodZtliPuyVLHgnCmc3_N9ZVBfyrxW1H5HxDShbPcC-s0JfXyEPHitStHXckwZEK2uaEryd6VbmCSO5HHmOrfGAOoxdGQAOwFDcCPNx9e-apvrKUj-LQL6KGcgCpqlICv4/s1440/Temperature-2020years.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1440" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrLD46E6dw4CnF9g0hHsMKvuKHfPTFm8t0q_wt34N1SulTq9lcodbfyRJgsuodZtliPuyVLHgnCmc3_N9ZVBfyrxW1H5HxDShbPcC-s0JfXyEPHitStHXckwZEK2uaEryd6VbmCSO5HHmOrfGAOoxdGQAOwFDcCPNx9e-apvrKUj-LQL6KGcgCpqlICv4/w400-h225/Temperature-2020years.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another way of graphing the Global Temperature variations since the days of Christ. <br />There is nothing natural about these anthropogenic trends.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlnH599Ix-4d_DI5_DcBzvIvt1wVLd9TVTo3svXrwzJqiFCg82RaByvcnJIlP6f6bPE9GnJheYKqG3VwaUKFDGnRuuO4JHECBU7NkzIKSnVPEub-wdJ2ZvOo7v-JN78ffsSXSdLgg4h41BaWcrnXnITjUerbQb-nd6iJGsQAsNaRmyOmE79pvEX_UQ2_M/s960/Monthly-Global-Temperature-Anomally-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlnH599Ix-4d_DI5_DcBzvIvt1wVLd9TVTo3svXrwzJqiFCg82RaByvcnJIlP6f6bPE9GnJheYKqG3VwaUKFDGnRuuO4JHECBU7NkzIKSnVPEub-wdJ2ZvOo7v-JN78ffsSXSdLgg4h41BaWcrnXnITjUerbQb-nd6iJGsQAsNaRmyOmE79pvEX_UQ2_M/w400-h225/Monthly-Global-Temperature-Anomally-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking at recent history, the global temperature anomaly <br />for every month from 1880 to 2021. Frankly, the data <br />since the Industrial Revolution is overwhelming!</td></tr></tbody></table><div><p>Simply, the planet was going to warm with the accelerating release of greenhouse gases (GHG). Initial melting of snow and ice over the poles would result in unequal warming as polar reflective surfaces were turned into dark soils that absorbed the sun's energy. The poles would warm at rates exceeding four times that of the rest of the globe. The temperature gradients between the equator and poles would weaken. The jet stream driven by this contrast in latitudinal temperature would also slow down and evolve into a high amplitude meandering current. The weakened jet stream favours a seven-wave pattern along a mid-latitude path around the Globe. See <i><a href="https://impact.canada.ca/behavioural-science/parca/wave-7" target="_blank">Wave Number 7</a></i>. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdD8QyN90L9T6E7pQWhXQqXhqBX6W_pPSOy9AF6pJfLYyECz4fLrK2PA1Xef9lUDeg9tZ2kRIpd3cQqjuYrq3SZJZ31yJasgwVb-Te3oxMmJG8Ign6bJvNtHcS1wzPCgTpC4wc3qAEZbI9EeYP3j1m-XHFryVf_pvNJ93HEtFBZiuQwnrsZJGN1iegwC8/s1195/Weather-Climate-4.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1129" data-original-width="1195" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdD8QyN90L9T6E7pQWhXQqXhqBX6W_pPSOy9AF6pJfLYyECz4fLrK2PA1Xef9lUDeg9tZ2kRIpd3cQqjuYrq3SZJZ31yJasgwVb-Te3oxMmJG8Ign6bJvNtHcS1wzPCgTpC4wc3qAEZbI9EeYP3j1m-XHFryVf_pvNJ93HEtFBZiuQwnrsZJGN1iegwC8/s320/Weather-Climate-4.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The persistent long-wave pattern as revealed in the <br />temperature anomaly chart.<br /> </td></tr></tbody></table>Geography and the Rocky Mountains would encourage a persistent atmospheric long-wave ridge to form over the West Coast. Hot and generally dry weather would predominate in the ridge although flooding deluges from atmospheric rivers would certainly penetrate the ridge periodically. </div><div><br /></div><div>A long-wave trough would dig downstream over eastern North America. Eastern Ontario was right in the centre of that meteorological trough and would enjoy cooler temperatures, clouds and more precipitation than the West Coast - at least for a while. <p></p><p>The macro-scale forecast pointed us to search for home in "<i>Eastern Ontario</i>". It was time to drill down beyond climate change and consider other important weather factors. </p><p>Severe convection is an important concern. Having spent a career seeing what supercellular thunderstorms might do to a home, convection was a vital forecast parameter. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGzRx9SBQofAhHGAU6EGfqbDZpwP7-Sh1nUZWofu0Jhr5wjosvnme9GjyJhFH5ayxVdM8AtQdsP2r2LyRSrxiAHRgt4jBmCFPWRum3bkU8UN6fLo6M09meKz7hd7oOSZ5Ox_3g6Poev5pzCydUjQaN_fAE0a-Oj_X4DOV7yAvseeJ-AurSmBjEhE5Qo4I/s1159/Singleton-Lake-Breeze-Front.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="1159" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGzRx9SBQofAhHGAU6EGfqbDZpwP7-Sh1nUZWofu0Jhr5wjosvnme9GjyJhFH5ayxVdM8AtQdsP2r2LyRSrxiAHRgt4jBmCFPWRum3bkU8UN6fLo6M09meKz7hd7oOSZ5Ox_3g6Poev5pzCydUjQaN_fAE0a-Oj_X4DOV7yAvseeJ-AurSmBjEhE5Qo4I/w400-h221/Singleton-Lake-Breeze-Front.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The lake breeze convergence lines cast "convective shadows" <br />along the shores of the Great Lakes often extending inland <br />100 km from the water's edge.</td></tr></tbody></table>The Lake Ontario lake breeze convergence line is an essential focus for summer convection. Thunderstorms need not only heat and moisture as fuels but also low-level convergence lines to initiate the convection. The temperature contrast between land and water surfaces creates lake breeze convergence lines. The one that develops along the north shore of Lake Ontario guides thunderstorms along a line that extends eastward through Lyndhurst to Athens. Near Athens, the increasing distance from Lake Ontario weakens that convergence and thunderstorms tend to turn to the right into areas of higher heat, humidity and fuel. <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzYmsnr3qf7Lvrq6Lzk6b5GFudAGEXw4lUO1JQqA8h2n7LLMkt4k_umfsSBhOJRXmQfgg4--HwjCgaO6Iw893B5altaYT_xP60iZn4qqezTl_AH3m4vhfvs8nXgSLvsS_yOUFQyxpxZ2Nq_32Lj6Sa6hsOYKduafHZaXnytU3-UBglDJMR-ySinBRCvJM/s1340/lake-breeze-chadwick-6.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1340" data-original-width="1209" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzYmsnr3qf7Lvrq6Lzk6b5GFudAGEXw4lUO1JQqA8h2n7LLMkt4k_umfsSBhOJRXmQfgg4--HwjCgaO6Iw893B5altaYT_xP60iZn4qqezTl_AH3m4vhfvs8nXgSLvsS_yOUFQyxpxZ2Nq_32Lj6Sa6hsOYKduafHZaXnytU3-UBglDJMR-ySinBRCvJM/w361-h400/lake-breeze-chadwick-6.jpg" width="361" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Right movers coming off the tip of the Lake Ontario <br />convergence line tend to make the turn for <br />stage right and move southeastward near Athens</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p>This Lake Ontario Lake Breeze convection line was the northern edge of our search area</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFBLM8rH8CYs_Zjbh1Q1cQ3PIZHzk07JcQv24xNxvZGIjJEfdKt74m_xHTcrgDY7nvuYsog_sKgULQPUPis2MZdajfA0TGLQMeekCaQc8aYPRF4qfGuh-OpzJnKnLnO9n7qQCNhq5YITW6H7oAcQ-RR9QENQHgDmt_j6PuR-67CTXFe1A3djUAALnd3h8/s635/1998-Ice-Storm-Summary.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="635" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFBLM8rH8CYs_Zjbh1Q1cQ3PIZHzk07JcQv24xNxvZGIjJEfdKt74m_xHTcrgDY7nvuYsog_sKgULQPUPis2MZdajfA0TGLQMeekCaQc8aYPRF4qfGuh-OpzJnKnLnO9n7qQCNhq5YITW6H7oAcQ-RR9QENQHgDmt_j6PuR-67CTXFe1A3djUAALnd3h8/w400-h225/1998-Ice-Storm-Summary.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Summer weather might be scary and more exciting but winter weather actually has more societal impact. I had worked long shifts during the "<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1998_North_American_ice_storm" target="_blank">The Ice Storm of 1998</a></i>". Freezing rain and ice accretion are not to be taken lightly. Freezing rain in the Ottawa Valley and along the St. Lawrence provide both the eastern and southern boundaries for our search area. <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYZ85fPm2lD9eTCAptUsrLsrO1bIREq89hfPpRqecALc-HcDq24UzTbJrou1pQ4NvvPnoJylTHD1P2UUl4Df_RC3ijXlJ8-QW73aztmFsnZWR_o4tjXsUpo9Db_-Gm6B09iMCS5DTqGpXSUQiEpt5uhG68l3UcR_vpozV-EvyVyOqilRg9dqH391tcHw4/s1203/Ice-Storm-Summary2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="715" data-original-width="1203" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYZ85fPm2lD9eTCAptUsrLsrO1bIREq89hfPpRqecALc-HcDq24UzTbJrou1pQ4NvvPnoJylTHD1P2UUl4Df_RC3ijXlJ8-QW73aztmFsnZWR_o4tjXsUpo9Db_-Gm6B09iMCS5DTqGpXSUQiEpt5uhG68l3UcR_vpozV-EvyVyOqilRg9dqH391tcHw4/w400-h238/Ice-Storm-Summary2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>Winter snowsqualls were another concern. It is best to be able to see the hood of your car when you are driving. Whiteouts are potentially lethal. The only lake-induced snowsqualls that impact eastern Ontario must originate from Lake Ontario. The Arctic air must both be sufficiently cold and the low-level winds properly aligned to generate snowsqualls. The orientation of Lake Ontario encourages westerly winds that can inundate the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_Hill#Winter_weather" target="_blank">Tug Hills</a></i> of New York State with paralyzing snow accumulations. Only southwesterly winds can direct snowsqualls down the St Lawrence River Valley. As the winds turn more to the south, the snowsqualls tend to lose their alignment and become warmer as well. Winds of 230 degrees or less are not effective snowsquall generators. Snowsqualls provide a refinement on the southern boundary of the search area. </p><p>When all of the above climate and weather factors are considered, the resulting search area becomes the Goldilock Triangle of Eastern Ontario. The climate and weather had narrowed our search window considerably.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyB56mlPEwAZbd5zQT9h3KBQT9XKoqkkvA9_ssk8Mo_dIetd58ivCQ1xJZtO-lioN2fxUHwe7hwiTLiyb555zxlKeBIVtVAHjDhqVXdsOgxn_z78rBBMzHFkXFSnE9ngsP_fjfEN7TRP3Pxf5tfUPaUPWGnb1LqhhZuExPJrSMByMs5P76-29wJyhPpyo/s1154/Goldlilock-Triangle-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="807" data-original-width="1154" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyB56mlPEwAZbd5zQT9h3KBQT9XKoqkkvA9_ssk8Mo_dIetd58ivCQ1xJZtO-lioN2fxUHwe7hwiTLiyb555zxlKeBIVtVAHjDhqVXdsOgxn_z78rBBMzHFkXFSnE9ngsP_fjfEN7TRP3Pxf5tfUPaUPWGnb1LqhhZuExPJrSMByMs5P76-29wJyhPpyo/w400-h280/Goldlilock-Triangle-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>The summer Lake Ontario lake breeze front defined the northern edge. The right-moving supercells tracking southeast around Athens were the eastern flank of the search area. The 230-degree vector from Kingston and the west end of Lake Ontario was the limit to the south. The major highways completed or reinforced the western and southern boundaries. We did not wish to play in the traffic.</p><p>I had never explored the Goldilock Triangle of Eastern Ontario as a kid with my canoe. Not too hot… not too cold (<i>but enough to freeze out the spongy moth at minus 29 Celsius in the winter</i>) ... supercellular convection less likely.. . snowsqualls improbable ... long-duration freezing rain rare if at all... The area was<i> just right </i>as Goldilocks would say. </p><p>There are other considerations as well. They all seem to come down to conditions that are not natural and impact the senses. </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Enjoying a really dark night sky with millions of stars in view is important. A starry, starry night was important to Vincent as well. Light pollution is becoming more invasive as populations grow. </li><li>No multi-lane, busy highways nearby. Sound pollution can be a problem and sound can carry great distances under a nighttime or frontal inversion (<i>although my hearing loss might mitigate that</i>.) </li><li>Visual pollution includes almost anything that is not natural. Signs, signs, everywhere a sign was a favourite song by the Five Man Electrical Band from my youth.</li><li>We have been in areas where you can actually taste and smell the air you are breathing. Not good.</li></ul><p></p><p>The area in question was also in the centre of the north-south nature corridor linking the Adirondacks to Algonquin and the wild watersheds of western Quebec including the famed Dumoine. Several groups were already active in the area. Linda and I share the missions of these organizations. </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://cataraquiconservation.ca/" target="_blank">Cataraqui Region Conservation Authority</a></li><li><a href="http://www.lgstewardship.ca/" target="_blank">Leeds-Grenville Stewardship Council</a>:</li><li><a href="https://www.unesco.org/en" target="_blank">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a>, UNESCO;</li><li><a href="https://frontenacarchbiosphere.ca/" target="_blank">Frontenac Arch Biosphere</a>, FAB;</li><li><a href="https://www.a2acollaborative.org/" target="_blank">Algonquin to Adirondacks Conservation Association</a>, A2A; and </li><li><a href="https://cpaws.org/" target="_blank">Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society</a>, CPAWS.</li></ul><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy_hyt0pUFbpZObWsINQ3hovaGixAbwUPnCSw8RykqLBdeI3RTVNyIPH1Y9Y-iUPZp7GxwU5B4DLRdQMPxw0F4vsd8azFKQJdNRMonyZVkll-VnxKDkHwoDZdlATeJKCaLa2ZytotBlCb1R-o2pW7zI063gpEbleyDZrUm0KRiSMDNBsPrD99V3H2d7Mk/s1013/FAB-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="1013" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy_hyt0pUFbpZObWsINQ3hovaGixAbwUPnCSw8RykqLBdeI3RTVNyIPH1Y9Y-iUPZp7GxwU5B4DLRdQMPxw0F4vsd8azFKQJdNRMonyZVkll-VnxKDkHwoDZdlATeJKCaLa2ZytotBlCb1R-o2pW7zI063gpEbleyDZrUm0KRiSMDNBsPrD99V3H2d7Mk/s320/FAB-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Frontenac Arch Biosphere and the <br />Queens University Biological Station</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXtzo4c6_2jVPfrupv6vyvfw2ZP1IBl_hikO0TL8DbotWa8dvmDlchwj-9ap2Zi3rJeVlDgJit5R4eUInoTcjsigYMJJYkxnOYTZ4AP2x5kV9xhsbNxqWRIEk54t2sgh3OiRpJh0L-iLbUnu7ZYmtO3nabquaPVYpyq3K141R0GGDat0JXhXC66qRhtpY/s966/A2A-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="773" data-original-width="966" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXtzo4c6_2jVPfrupv6vyvfw2ZP1IBl_hikO0TL8DbotWa8dvmDlchwj-9ap2Zi3rJeVlDgJit5R4eUInoTcjsigYMJJYkxnOYTZ4AP2x5kV9xhsbNxqWRIEk54t2sgh3OiRpJh0L-iLbUnu7ZYmtO3nabquaPVYpyq3K141R0GGDat0JXhXC66qRhtpY/s320/A2A-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Algonquin to Adirondacks Conservation Association, A2A</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div>The final, very limited search area had been identified. <br /><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnz073KQ9zUQfFPwLtHNM5xW5sDHWnC_dPuFN-XmVnloofI9eYkdUs6BRPMRn5rf89-_39aEeV6vRRQyIn9JjiK07epcq19X4ig5Mn7l6gfyIuBYbPp0yG3q2j3p2PptUXdxdNY736r63nwyvFtFH3CYkzrx6p-7r5514IoXKQZy15Dx163ukvqZELb6I/s1275/Goldilocks-Triangle-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="1275" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnz073KQ9zUQfFPwLtHNM5xW5sDHWnC_dPuFN-XmVnloofI9eYkdUs6BRPMRn5rf89-_39aEeV6vRRQyIn9JjiK07epcq19X4ig5Mn7l6gfyIuBYbPp0yG3q2j3p2PptUXdxdNY736r63nwyvFtFH3CYkzrx6p-7r5514IoXKQZy15Dx163ukvqZELb6I/w400-h286/Goldilocks-Triangle-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Singleton Lake was even absent on many of the maps we<br /> had been using in our search.<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Linda discovered the perfect property in the autumn of 2006 encompassing the eastern shore of Singleton Lake. In fact, I credit her with everything including the design of our one-level home. Surround yourself with nature and you will find a good place to live - no need to travel anywhere. <p></p><p>Our goal was to have a minimal footprint, build efficiently and green and then work in harmony with nature. That included planting thousands of trees, erecting hundreds of birdhouses, protecting turtle nests and creating habitats for all kinds of species that share the land with us. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDZM30SvkCTKS5FdJnkotEn_gIatA2SRBI6JYOZ2U7LPCOGpdeFrRfRDhJMgMaoRSxYAf53TixP32MyhDoXtM9I2h8eLPH95ZXvhRZNvZkjOyCXbbbHm-_C8YfXdhOLF9zU11ddot6LdOlqhScRMFKieJguw_tDmK-DjRbXwnH5zb8ENJCEI3jdK2EoKA/s812/Chadwick-BioBlitz-0.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="812" data-original-width="794" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDZM30SvkCTKS5FdJnkotEn_gIatA2SRBI6JYOZ2U7LPCOGpdeFrRfRDhJMgMaoRSxYAf53TixP32MyhDoXtM9I2h8eLPH95ZXvhRZNvZkjOyCXbbbHm-_C8YfXdhOLF9zU11ddot6LdOlqhScRMFKieJguw_tDmK-DjRbXwnH5zb8ENJCEI3jdK2EoKA/w314-h320/Chadwick-BioBlitz-0.jpg" width="314" /></a></p><p>The Singleton Sanctuary is surrounded by unique and rare environments that deserve respect and conservation. The BioBlitz of 2010 identified almost 400 species that we share the ecosystem with. That number has hopefully increased since 2010 due to the efforts undertaken. Some disease-resistant butternut trees we have planted still have not shown signs of being infected by the canker - sadly, some have.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: left;">Eight species at risk were documented during the BioBlitz including:</span></div><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Cerulean Warbler (SC</li><li>Grass Pickerel (SC)</li><li>Bald eagle (SC)</li><li>Monarch (SC)</li><li>Butternut (END)</li><li>Stinkpot (THR)</li><li>Map turtle (SC)</li><li>Ratsnake (THR)</li></ul></ul></ul></ul></ul></ul><div>Special Concern (SC), “species of special concern” means a wildlife species that may become a threatened or an endangered species because of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats.</div><div>Threatened (THR), "any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range."</div><div>Endangered (END), "Endangered" – "very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future"; </div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoIeFCXVBKs-3d2FGEcsK3sHCX0aE6BwAgc2DcnOMFgjIFFs8JMl_nQ23J7b9HopEcBc4FWY0RgdaJLeH7UEiYIlssq9GntEqsdHAUP6LKzcxqj_vD9wGNVHx7Vj6BOsyUvjCD9zFBpDOUpJwHQPn3oXFDIW81WEGj5SacOHfWGHUlTJ08uOMLc928ZMk/s774/Chadwick-BioBlitz-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="774" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoIeFCXVBKs-3d2FGEcsK3sHCX0aE6BwAgc2DcnOMFgjIFFs8JMl_nQ23J7b9HopEcBc4FWY0RgdaJLeH7UEiYIlssq9GntEqsdHAUP6LKzcxqj_vD9wGNVHx7Vj6BOsyUvjCD9zFBpDOUpJwHQPn3oXFDIW81WEGj5SacOHfWGHUlTJ08uOMLc928ZMk/w400-h261/Chadwick-BioBlitz-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>As an added bonus, the Singleton Sanctuary is also in the middle of the path of mid-latitude synoptic-scale storms... the perfect place to be for an artist and meteorologist! The weather is different and inspiring every day.</p><p>We are all stewards of the land, privileged to appreciate its beauty during our lifetime but responsible for leaving the environment better off for the future and all inhabitants...</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEpSdCsOFfHl99GC8U5b-ONuqDCRKs3-vOFfArhFeKjRfmfYDwyxyKS3ZwIt8WJ2vG0eU4LjVafBKC5dy7fhQTJF9bSmEeCdYsCdnzcjY4623QzipQNNammuDJwENZjcvItLdYyFPSthXfa7uxq6q4627tljeBt5Yyinf_mgr-kxHw564z66zjrTsWEuQ/s6128/Singleton-Sanctuary-Jan-2022.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="6128" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEpSdCsOFfHl99GC8U5b-ONuqDCRKs3-vOFfArhFeKjRfmfYDwyxyKS3ZwIt8WJ2vG0eU4LjVafBKC5dy7fhQTJF9bSmEeCdYsCdnzcjY4623QzipQNNammuDJwENZjcvItLdYyFPSthXfa7uxq6q4627tljeBt5Yyinf_mgr-kxHw564z66zjrTsWEuQ/w640-h90/Singleton-Sanctuary-Jan-2022.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Singleton Sanctuary is equally special in the winter. </td></tr></tbody></table><p>"<i>I Love The Weather..</i>" was the short answer provided. The above was the long answer and closer to the whole truth and nothing but the truth... so help me... </p><p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</p><p>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-37234621281263469642023-08-12T17:20:00.003-04:002023-08-13T09:29:13.310-04:00Connecting with Nature<p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRfCuWQGqh1fyWF17ZU9dzHJEwCgoL34XfM2NlomjM80Rv4_BDQ_aQYbe6xgW-IfGA7X4SY_UJNNDEncr25eRCjlmtOUTG90t7Gz1DHvlthov64JSxZlCwioQfEUVg0Oh5Ng4sjjsYLKDrdVfDIOOgnI9TprgkuUYiuyvect48KAuVEz5yB_122pec6vk/s3238/Connecting-With-Nature-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2458" data-original-width="3238" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRfCuWQGqh1fyWF17ZU9dzHJEwCgoL34XfM2NlomjM80Rv4_BDQ_aQYbe6xgW-IfGA7X4SY_UJNNDEncr25eRCjlmtOUTG90t7Gz1DHvlthov64JSxZlCwioQfEUVg0Oh5Ng4sjjsYLKDrdVfDIOOgnI9TprgkuUYiuyvect48KAuVEz5yB_122pec6vk/w400-h304/Connecting-With-Nature-1.jpg" width="400" /></a> "<i><b>The Connecting with Nature, Oak Ridges Moraine</b></i>" art book received the 2009 Moraine Hero Award for demonstrating remarkable efforts in protecting the Oak Ridges Moraine. Several other King artists were involved in this wonderful book that Herbert Pryke designed.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6H6FuWQx5NyS4j96GJtq81dsl6xmHID9EYXYK6Aed6IZ6u4lL8RKSWPI91l5gUiRATm-D5TptnHWjkJB9rkUQJMbMUhG1vA2-S-IXEGgs4LSZHlc8Q_bsq2vO8dlBD0n7-bXKE9lbzYOoab641hGxOQlSLTW2KK4wMmKIlUq60xd7ConESKUUXyOFOFI/s1280/oakrdidgesmorainemap-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6H6FuWQx5NyS4j96GJtq81dsl6xmHID9EYXYK6Aed6IZ6u4lL8RKSWPI91l5gUiRATm-D5TptnHWjkJB9rkUQJMbMUhG1vA2-S-IXEGgs4LSZHlc8Q_bsq2vO8dlBD0n7-bXKE9lbzYOoab641hGxOQlSLTW2KK4wMmKIlUq60xd7ConESKUUXyOFOFI/w400-h180/oakrdidgesmorainemap-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>Herbert asked for submissions from artists living on the Oak Ridges Moraine to assist with this project. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixIkxmK0ezX3tv9ILOkVRLTQl8P_C2nVO6vanSOz4xc3KiEt_xCWHuiKfvvdniIfNPv0nh8Yi59P8mrYoHZQLlBzOsUeTQuDOaMzXuB_5LG0Q5akTBO0XYjiTXYjDlbwteSFJdl_EWqgfxdnxsFZLB5PPxJCrAtc2YNYUE5WD7D1qKbqVhC7sbRrLmxWo/s885/WatersheadFarmDistanceLookingWSW.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="885" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixIkxmK0ezX3tv9ILOkVRLTQl8P_C2nVO6vanSOz4xc3KiEt_xCWHuiKfvvdniIfNPv0nh8Yi59P8mrYoHZQLlBzOsUeTQuDOaMzXuB_5LG0Q5akTBO0XYjiTXYjDlbwteSFJdl_EWqgfxdnxsFZLB5PPxJCrAtc2YNYUE5WD7D1qKbqVhC7sbRrLmxWo/w400-h246/WatersheadFarmDistanceLookingWSW.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>At the time we were living on the very crest of the Oak Ridges Moraine along the 12th Concession of King Township. The front yard drained to Kennifick Lake (a kettle lake), thence northeastward via the Schomberg River to the Holland Marsh and ultimately reaching Lake Simcoe via the Holland River. The back 25 acres fed into the Humber River. Watershed Farm started as an abandoned century-old farmhouse and evolved into a jewel of conservation and natural beauty - at least in our eyes. I loved Watershed Farm ... the honey bees, turkeys, deer and even the opossums migrating northward with climate change trying to find a place to live. Life was good and always very interesting. We planted lots of trees too including many black walnuts!<p></p><p>In 2009 the Oak Ridges Moraine was under the threat of unchecked and rampant development. Artists banded together to do their best similar to the story of how A.Y. Jackson and the Ontario Society of Artists contributed to the creation of Killarney Provincial Park. </p><p>I submitted two plein air pieces painted on Watershed Farm for consideration by Christine A. Lynett, Manager, Programs, McMichael Canadian Art Collection. They were from the same location but completed in very different seasons. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvBl8nNTnqVSR6HNLDifW3pPykPnteobKsjzRk0mBeocxQn6fxytQABwXGNrfj90r8c7ie8YKX4N4ArliSulcwV4Ukjt-Yobny0n4Mg3HYCH9kwIsrF6BF5jsbMwpVt6TVqXDRFP0PIpgIjcu0mMqmHTF_Xd31Djlctnq2quCAl1vcGzUplwyxWPmxD6Q/s1029/0879.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1029" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvBl8nNTnqVSR6HNLDifW3pPykPnteobKsjzRk0mBeocxQn6fxytQABwXGNrfj90r8c7ie8YKX4N4ArliSulcwV4Ukjt-Yobny0n4Mg3HYCH9kwIsrF6BF5jsbMwpVt6TVqXDRFP0PIpgIjcu0mMqmHTF_Xd31Djlctnq2quCAl1vcGzUplwyxWPmxD6Q/w400-h311/0879.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#0879 <a href="http://pixels.com/featured/the-copse-phil-chadwick.html" target="_blank"><i>"The Copse"</i></a> 11x14 oils on canvas</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmuyyr_Qmo3ySmoe6ReLYJfur0HrbHTtqR74zAtwDQG7JN7sTlZZxHolha_Qp0E9IWHe39y7-dKSGnJyhSn-tvmi9jHw-QkESDXu33VjYc33Im5rgW2skJ_dX-IhMav84vb2aEtrmoeZAktU75p2UhJE4K84vlMxTg8joN9jpS9_jVu7srDBnEqkv7ysU/s800/0610.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="800" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmuyyr_Qmo3ySmoe6ReLYJfur0HrbHTtqR74zAtwDQG7JN7sTlZZxHolha_Qp0E9IWHe39y7-dKSGnJyhSn-tvmi9jHw-QkESDXu33VjYc33Im5rgW2skJ_dX-IhMav84vb2aEtrmoeZAktU75p2UhJE4K84vlMxTg8joN9jpS9_jVu7srDBnEqkv7ysU/w400-h321/0610.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#0610<a href="http://fineartamerica.com/featured/wild-life-phil-chadwick.html" target="_blank"> "Wild Life"</a> 16x20 oils on canvas<br />The first time I froze my hands...</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Christine wrote: "<i>Congratulations on being selected for the Oak Ridges Moraine Book -I loved your work and I chose both the autumn scene (879-this one) and the winter fence (0610) scene ... the works really stood out especially the colour in THE autumn scene ... the use of brushstroke and composition in both with horizon line near top were very engaging.</i>"</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_HvyJVMG3F99UJ1_H9Aa0O3Nv4-zNs3jTdBOTWRpHUN5QM0_kgNJN8sAraLJTzHumFS0cGbV-0sobtovfGqHepuOpTscEMDq56QwVesGzEZlLbokbgZBEKsPdUXuF8v145axX1l7Hav4BCr4m3887D7o0gKB7ZEaWCerpuwZaTpc_tAXAU5EB-YWn_8/s3189/Connecting-With-Nature-17.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2429" data-original-width="3189" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_HvyJVMG3F99UJ1_H9Aa0O3Nv4-zNs3jTdBOTWRpHUN5QM0_kgNJN8sAraLJTzHumFS0cGbV-0sobtovfGqHepuOpTscEMDq56QwVesGzEZlLbokbgZBEKsPdUXuF8v145axX1l7Hav4BCr4m3887D7o0gKB7ZEaWCerpuwZaTpc_tAXAU5EB-YWn_8/w400-h305/Connecting-With-Nature-17.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> <a href="http://pixels.com/featured/the-copse-phil-chadwick.html" target="_blank"><i>"The Copse"</i></a> as it appears in <br />"Connecting with Nature, Oak Ridges Moraine</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Herbert remains a good friend and continues practising his altruism to the benefit of all - currently in Owen Sound. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXVkwWarphdvwiFTJjKyWluws2UUBKMwMBWNbBMYnLCQvjm7XcwhGRw_CRLDWB3kv2eyKaVQuiTONI2PmrPSIwc04uIdqO4_X3Xmb2VFsKPVH859M3uXlWYS90p7ZSGZBmaZIZarei0G8LWCSqxRtk3hNoAWvADRkYiv9ufkDTapkCUtN8iHiCSYnmN3Y/s1761/Greenbelt.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1761" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXVkwWarphdvwiFTJjKyWluws2UUBKMwMBWNbBMYnLCQvjm7XcwhGRw_CRLDWB3kv2eyKaVQuiTONI2PmrPSIwc04uIdqO4_X3Xmb2VFsKPVH859M3uXlWYS90p7ZSGZBmaZIZarei0G8LWCSqxRtk3hNoAWvADRkYiv9ufkDTapkCUtN8iHiCSYnmN3Y/s320/Greenbelt.jpg" width="291" /></a></div>Sadly, the Oak Ridges Moraine is once again under attack. Investigative journalists and the Auditor General are doing their best to discover the truth behind the backroom political deals made behind closed doors. Concerned citizens from every walk of life are taking part in an effort to preserve an irreplaceable and essential environment thousands of years in the making. <p></p><p>The Greenbelt is not a scam as Premier Ford claims and the issue is not about housing as Minister Clark insists. If you must, plan a sustainable city of the future instead of an obsolete suburb of the past. The Conservation Authorities that recently suffered severe budget and mandate cuts were born out of the devastation from Hurricane Hazel of October 1954. Politicians have long forgotten those valuable lessons while citizen scientists have not. </p><p>Apparently, power does corrupt and this latest threat to the Oak Ridges Moraine is simple greed to satisfy the lust of a few at the expense of everything else. Nature does not even have a voice. Shame... </p><p><i>Become informed... the issues need not be complex. Simple right and wrong suffices. It is important to separate political spin from facts and accurate history. </i></p><p><i>The Narwhal is a reliable source for News on Climate Change, Environmental Issues </i><i>making sense of the key environmental issues in Canada. </i><i>The Narwhal: </i><i><a href="https://www.thenarwhal.ca">https://www.thenarwhal.ca</a></i></p><p><i></i></p><p><i>Also consider: </i><i><a href="https://leadnow.ca/bill23/" target="_blank">Actions to Fight Bill 23</a> </i></p><p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</p><p>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</p><p><br /></p>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-12842867165344131572023-05-26T16:35:00.002-04:002023-05-27T06:27:13.685-04:00Artificial Intelligence.. the Weather and Art<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVyG6YLYrRYfxVAZJyiqGtkhKGozTN4l_L1yjYEoI7maz3HYV1wGYLy3Vq6Fop_o2Rc5t8D9fmp5zHcv5Q7YCE17Ru2M5El1Gf5R27JXGG_16mRZVRuNz8Uz6EzJ3P4jOSso6PhXnL8YiL2CretIloSNc4a55a6mCjNGHOb3Z7Fb6cOcf_QrqESy6U/s538/AI-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="399" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVyG6YLYrRYfxVAZJyiqGtkhKGozTN4l_L1yjYEoI7maz3HYV1wGYLy3Vq6Fop_o2Rc5t8D9fmp5zHcv5Q7YCE17Ru2M5El1Gf5R27JXGG_16mRZVRuNz8Uz6EzJ3P4jOSso6PhXnL8YiL2CretIloSNc4a55a6mCjNGHOb3Z7Fb6cOcf_QrqESy6U/w296-h400/AI-2.jpg" width="296" /></a></div>Artificial Intelligence (AI) is epidemic. A host of mimicking software algorithms “<i>learning</i>“ from the volumes of recorded history will impact society - perhaps change it forever. We shall see...<p></p><p>There are many questions as to what those influences might be. Aldous Huxley had opinions that he documented almost a hundred years ago. Legislators in Europe are racing to get ahead of the technological curve. Tech giants are sprinting to develop Artificial Intelligence applications and get them accepted into society before that happens thus making any legislation irrelevant and reactionary. Asking for <i>forgiveness </i>versus <i>permission </i>are very different things after the cat of AI is already out of the bag. </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpkOBpfloTYlcvn1KmU_tJkf7EVYvRx5bxVXgOe9WNdmLgyaeJoby6ZAxR5Ld5mtbraMl3R0wO_VkE-NJXjpK2YuraQIt2I5FAyjNvBmzdh2IYD7YiWeOvTzq7mhNTDmKcsa18vss88vvBc86RbwwseMTO3zyyfqZQZjGezPlBP_19Aw9NEcv5Mdf/s1000/AI-1.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpkOBpfloTYlcvn1KmU_tJkf7EVYvRx5bxVXgOe9WNdmLgyaeJoby6ZAxR5Ld5mtbraMl3R0wO_VkE-NJXjpK2YuraQIt2I5FAyjNvBmzdh2IYD7YiWeOvTzq7mhNTDmKcsa18vss88vvBc86RbwwseMTO3zyyfqZQZjGezPlBP_19Aw9NEcv5Mdf/w320-h400/AI-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">2017 Was a Big Year for AI performing better than <br />humans for the first time in several key categories. </td></tr></tbody></table><p>The materials used for learning include everything and anything that can be digitized. Many collaborative Artificial Intelligence algorithms team up within the huge and ever-growing black box of code to establish patterns from those enormous data sets. The software can appropriately reproduce these patterns upon request - more or less. </p><p>Meteorological models are early examples of Artificial Intelligence. When I became a meteorologist in 1977 one of my managers told me to look for another line of work as my career path would be automated within the decade. Moore's Law from 1965 observed that the number of transistors on computer chips doubled approximately every two years. The computerization of society followed and it would appear that the impact of that digitization of knowledge has been exponential in growth ever since.</p><p>Meteorological simulations of the atmosphere leapt forward in precision and accuracy in both time and space during my career. A keen meteorologist in the early 1980s could easily improve on the barotropic model available as guidance in that era. By Y2K (the year 2000 when the world was worried about the coding of the date using just two numbers to identify the year), computer models of the atmosphere were the state of the meteorological art and they have only continued to improve in the last twenty years. </p><p>The human hand analysis of weather maps was actively discouraged within the weather centre after Y2K. There was no time dedicated to that essential and very human effort of drawing lines and deciphering coded data into meaningful patterns. The hand analysis synthesized the wealth of coded data and human experiences into a personal understanding of the current weather situation. The important weather concerns of the day were discovered and the team got to work creating products to alert the clients affected. Producing an accurate forecast requires understanding the important meteorological forces at play. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBXDDO9mb2repxeWZYyBPeKujY4O-oNLp7VcCzvEDe8gFK3SMaOKW9u38GIn9CkEBvVGWzoKZRfXtC19PARyz0AF_GtGmqZgD7aDjRAIDtiibqsKRbWZgmLe-uZhKCosrHLHzOZ0N8bK2aJsaFZnFXIIlxtY3ssgB-pV3zo87c06V3gZsHIv5CKNTv/s742/Weather-Limerick-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="444" data-original-width="742" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBXDDO9mb2repxeWZYyBPeKujY4O-oNLp7VcCzvEDe8gFK3SMaOKW9u38GIn9CkEBvVGWzoKZRfXtC19PARyz0AF_GtGmqZgD7aDjRAIDtiibqsKRbWZgmLe-uZhKCosrHLHzOZ0N8bK2aJsaFZnFXIIlxtY3ssgB-pV3zo87c06V3gZsHIv5CKNTv/w320-h191/Weather-Limerick-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An AI limerick created up on the request<br />of my fellow meteorologist and<br /> friend, Jim Murtha</td></tr></tbody></table><p>By the time I retired in 2011, computer simulations of the atmosphere were good enough that meteorologists could maybe not even bother conducting an independent analysis and diagnosis in order to produce a prognosis. Available time on shift was increasingly restricted and very limited for that effort anyway. Proper measurement of that forecast performance is still elusive but that is another story based on the scales of time and space as well as forecast lead-time. That Performance Measurement research of mine never got implemented... </p><p>It took 30 years for the forecast made by my first manager to verify but his recommendation to find other work was still apparently correct. I became an artist...</p><p>My concern is that brain "<i>muscles</i>" only develop with some heavy lifting. If all you are doing is repackaging AI, then one can expect to become feeble-minded. Apparently, Aldous Huxley felt the same way. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh88t02nRNKk-I-rxLQEDNUqDj953-ZB19OY1Ga_HrYw_i7kNWXnzd3v2ZLRydmc1nlTLDRgrXkEsrXKAm3udSkT6pG9c825zazmtkBEszF9NmJrmeU-K-_p48phzx3zYbSY6FUyfvyhJ6M3-ghV5EsgEEIJJR0vfmHXZsXeqHajJIJIBhU-6omk0Op/s743/AI-3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="743" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh88t02nRNKk-I-rxLQEDNUqDj953-ZB19OY1Ga_HrYw_i7kNWXnzd3v2ZLRydmc1nlTLDRgrXkEsrXKAm3udSkT6pG9c825zazmtkBEszF9NmJrmeU-K-_p48phzx3zYbSY6FUyfvyhJ6M3-ghV5EsgEEIJJR0vfmHXZsXeqHajJIJIBhU-6omk0Op/s320/AI-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Vincent van Gogh art "<i>created</i>" by <br />https://creator.nightcafe.studio/</span></td></tr></tbody></table>The nested algorithms of AI can reproduce the genius of Einstein, Van Gogh and Tom Thomson with a keystroke. There are reasons to be alarmed and very skeptical and perhaps disbelieving. What indeed is real and what is the product of nested algorithms feeding on all of human experience? That tipping point happened a couple of decades ago in meteorology.<p></p><p>There are options though...</p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p>In art, the solution is to take the path not only less travelled but never trod upon before. Paint on and dam the algorithms. Maybe not even post your art because once you do, it can be assimilated by AI.</p><p>In meteorology, focus on looking at the real world. The techniques I describe in my <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/10/tom-thomson-was-weatherman-summary-as.html" target="_blank"><i>Tom Thomson blog</i></a> can be applied to any skyscape to better understand the real clouds and the actual weather. It is also fun to be outside surrounded by nature. Become a "<i>weather walker</i>"... </p></blockquote><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwE6T471Mc6q6_2vKj_J7J16YB0eE39kRp7mxko9IMlsEMmDNLevTnnYDWP9VwLKqCvfbmj9h1VEN661ZVSpV4xX3cy9Yqv8fauXjrib3nP8kkTtEhF3fSD_Buivy2SdIcxjkG2lR18DTRfmwVT5AVitGny2c3EjIReJnbMArGpHtFkYaRqS0a3qc6/s512/AI-Tom-Thomson.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="510" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwE6T471Mc6q6_2vKj_J7J16YB0eE39kRp7mxko9IMlsEMmDNLevTnnYDWP9VwLKqCvfbmj9h1VEN661ZVSpV4xX3cy9Yqv8fauXjrib3nP8kkTtEhF3fSD_Buivy2SdIcxjkG2lR18DTRfmwVT5AVitGny2c3EjIReJnbMArGpHtFkYaRqS0a3qc6/s320/AI-Tom-Thomson.jpg" width="319" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Artificial Intelligent "<i>Painting by Tom Thomson</i>" is <br />fortunately not even close (<i>yet</i>) but it tried...</td></tr></tbody></table><p>It is time to re-read <i>Brave New World</i> by Aldous Huxley published in 1932. Aldous was right. As Huxley remarked in <i>Brave New World Revisited</i> published in 1958, the civil libertarians and rationalists who are ever on the alert to oppose tyranny "<i>failed to take into account man's almost infinite appetite for distractions.</i>"</p><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSuuvVi4fn25ZdMPsOcuZNb9gIgHV_sk4ZGCNXuLLqZgCab36VhEfILHM7mS5h3txuchylmEKevzBTL-DmdcZKTJwoFXMCQwTk2NccX3Uq9f8p5oly0cOaMJkvjiJB58pBAPGgKz7ckEpD0a586teOzCj3ybKGDhKqKuj87eY2p2o6Jy0pu7qUnHs_/s751/Brave-New-World-Cover-First-Edition.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="508" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSuuvVi4fn25ZdMPsOcuZNb9gIgHV_sk4ZGCNXuLLqZgCab36VhEfILHM7mS5h3txuchylmEKevzBTL-DmdcZKTJwoFXMCQwTk2NccX3Uq9f8p5oly0cOaMJkvjiJB58pBAPGgKz7ckEpD0a586teOzCj3ybKGDhKqKuj87eY2p2o6Jy0pu7qUnHs_/s320/Brave-New-World-Cover-First-Edition.jpg" width="216" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First Edition Cover from 1932</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #242424;"><div style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Seeing is believing is no longer possible with Artificial Intelligence. Beware of geeks bearing gifts... Boldly go forging your own unique path through life while enjoying that ride - it might be the only thing you can actually believe and appreciate. </span></div><div style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">PS: AI based on history often fails in situations that have not yet been observed. The now historic Progressive Derecho of Saturday, May 21st, 2022 was a bust forecast that impacted roughly 15.6 million people, representing about 41 percent of Canada's population. Strong winds downed over 1,900 hydro poles, five metal transmission towers, and countless trees along the path. There were 5 fatalities. The EC Warning Program had challenges. </span></div></span></span></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-73120559489206051582023-03-03T05:59:00.007-05:002023-03-04T05:12:26.841-05:00Empathetic Meteorology<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT7ZEnlt4sngBCzr_2AlrAzf-xiATKBJ_fyvkdjHWwZvFdNz4It6jPUNh7IvpQ7N2-5XzWwf7rDJPSETwvhyy4yDACnuCxZiH0nMazSqfjQqnjSIdSAvJ_AT7IocJ1UJEfWjsJEouWD5uiDVh6lM8UReQxPMIZIlHT_K0tceK6N43HxJLzIR0caB0K/s1069/1714.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1069" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT7ZEnlt4sngBCzr_2AlrAzf-xiATKBJ_fyvkdjHWwZvFdNz4It6jPUNh7IvpQ7N2-5XzWwf7rDJPSETwvhyy4yDACnuCxZiH0nMazSqfjQqnjSIdSAvJ_AT7IocJ1UJEfWjsJEouWD5uiDVh6lM8UReQxPMIZIlHT_K0tceK6N43HxJLzIR0caB0K/w400-h299/1714.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#1714 "White Pine Island"<br />Cloud Patterns within the Atmospheric Frame of Reference<br />and what they mean</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Empathy is important. It is vital to examine a process from the appropriate point of view in order for it to make the most sense. Humans are <i><b>anthropocentric </b></i>by nature - which is very unnatural! Ask Copernicus and Galileo about the challenges they faced - great minds who dared to think outside the proverbial box encountering obstacles beyond belief. <div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw0U7HobBEaNfq7uVcV20GyZvZgWZDUMsmukjjxvakPLVXeiOrMEXYh6359g-1Y1FYF4vXp_DkU2VBEVD0Cqdb6-4lJgl6wWMVrohVOJK-7-HitIsfmYHXCoWs0juKREKGmRUliaTzLTlTcqXm5DuuAEuqQNhhCiwnFpPb_chiXKMBpHrMH7iF3HVN/s1145/Copernicus-Galileo.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="1145" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw0U7HobBEaNfq7uVcV20GyZvZgWZDUMsmukjjxvakPLVXeiOrMEXYh6359g-1Y1FYF4vXp_DkU2VBEVD0Cqdb6-4lJgl6wWMVrohVOJK-7-HitIsfmYHXCoWs0juKREKGmRUliaTzLTlTcqXm5DuuAEuqQNhhCiwnFpPb_chiXKMBpHrMH7iF3HVN/w400-h249/Copernicus-Galileo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Copernicus developed heliocentrism in 1514 that the Sun and not the Earth was the centre of the "<i>Universe</i>". It was published the year he died. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) the father of modern science, agreed with Copernicus. Galileo was convicted of “<i>vehement suspicion of heresy</i>” and under threat of torture from the Church. Galileo was forced to express sorrow and to curse his errors .. but I digress... <p>Meteorology in Canada flourished out of a necessity for safer air travel - simply to avoid storms. Aviation requires a frame of reference attached to the airports and constant pressure surfaces. A fluid on a rotating, oblate spheroid like the Earth does not care much about any of that. Fluids can be better understood following an empathetic frame of reference moving with the fluid. </p><p>Air parcels follow constant energy surfaces (<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/03/isentropic-surfaces-science-and-art.html" target="_blank"><i>isentropic surfaces</i></a>) fuelled by contrasting temperatures between the equator and the poles (see "<i><a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-jet-stream-bind-that-ties.html" target="_blank">The Jet Stream - The Bind that Ties</a></i>"). The average westerly winds of the jet streams in both hemispheres move the storms along but what shapes those patterns? The answer is indeed blowing in the wind and using a frame of reference attached to the storm. </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR-E_zqIzg1T0Cdx8CBvKUIVJgKCODb0mjxqLb6khQTZc7syPHV1hgZUtnelVGZN4vd_uIeYojukL25GoednwOksVQdsfD4vQv1DUzYtQ6xn2IMqKz-WtZsHIfsxRZxv8AoObAmF0ezUTPPjkr-8pS5EprHlUJBvtQbspPiTN1d-DmmU3Ul2ud0Plg/s1098/Wind-Max-Swirls-Explained.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="629" data-original-width="1098" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR-E_zqIzg1T0Cdx8CBvKUIVJgKCODb0mjxqLb6khQTZc7syPHV1hgZUtnelVGZN4vd_uIeYojukL25GoednwOksVQdsfD4vQv1DUzYtQ6xn2IMqKz-WtZsHIfsxRZxv8AoObAmF0ezUTPPjkr-8pS5EprHlUJBvtQbspPiTN1d-DmmU3Ul2ud0Plg/w400-h229/Wind-Max-Swirls-Explained.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The purple local wind maximum spins up two, adjacent<br /> companion swirls</td></tr></tbody></table><p>A puff of stronger wind (local maximum in the jet stream and the <b><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>purple vector</i></span></b> in the accompanying graphic) creates two paired vortices. The so-called "cyclonic" or vorticity maximum (<b><span style="color: red;">red X</span></b>) is poleward of the jet maximum (in the northern hemisphere to the left looking downstream). By meteorological convention, the "anticyclonic" or vorticity minimum (<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">blue N</span></b>) is equatorward of the jet maximum (to the right looking downstream in the northern hemisphere). Use your Coriolis Hand to visualize these paired rotations - your right hand for the Northern Hemisphere and the left hand for Down-under. </p><p>These paired circulations are simply cross-sections through the three-dimensional smoke ring blown by the local jet maximum but this blog is more about the patterns caused by the rotational swirls as viewed in the empathetic, atmospheric frame of reference. (See "<i><a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/04/what-do-smoke-rings-have-to-do-with.html" target="_blank">What do Smoke Rings have to do with Croquet?</a></i>" for the three-dimensional approach)</p><p>The shape of the moisture patterns is determined by simple vector addition: </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>the relative strength of the local wind maximum which determines the rate of rotation of the accompanying swirls; and</li><li>the speed at which the swirls are being translated along by the jet stream.</li></ul><p></p><p>I did this work on a night shift sometime in the early 1980s. I saw a pattern in the newly available satellite imagery and simply asked "<i>why?</i>" The real atmosphere was the best teacher I could have hoped for. </p><p>The following graphics are the same for whatever speed we wish to assign to the local wind maximum. The associated weather is of course more intense with the stronger jets. </p><p>In "<i><a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/02/rotation-is-key-to-unlock-cloud-shapes.html" target="_blank">Rotation is the Key to Unlock Cloud Shapes</a></i>" I explained how the cyclonic swirl in the atmospheric frame of reference formed an open trough in the Earth Frame. </p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig8bfO-4C42SEI0lLRwT7L8OuiSXINkx3pjevpQBV5eAWcBtnSLTZxrs7oi4p2QgUJzeNKOpkQ5uOM4K4KNQ0e8lNYOqwbpbsjMPyqWcfXsQZgUGco0uuz6Qb3KhO01sypeIvasRBuFCbX40Gtac4ZCHEhy5Smx9mKhwLDMxXXa-zPyNdAHfn3Xsxs/s1183/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-Open-Trof.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="818" data-original-width="1183" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig8bfO-4C42SEI0lLRwT7L8OuiSXINkx3pjevpQBV5eAWcBtnSLTZxrs7oi4p2QgUJzeNKOpkQ5uOM4K4KNQ0e8lNYOqwbpbsjMPyqWcfXsQZgUGco0uuz6Qb3KhO01sypeIvasRBuFCbX40Gtac4ZCHEhy5Smx9mKhwLDMxXXa-zPyNdAHfn3Xsxs/w400-h276/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-Open-Trof.jpg" width="400" /></a></p>The open trough became deeper as either the cyclonic swirl (<b><span style="color: #04ff00;">green vectors</span></b> within the <b><span style="color: #04ff00;">green box</span></b>) increased in speed or the speed of translation of the system decreased (<b><span style="color: #ff00fe;">purple vector</span></b> attached to the <span style="color: #ff00fe;"><b>purple circle</b></span>). Open troughs generally move quickly and are not associated with surface low-pressure areas - both observations relative to the Earth frame. Open troughs typically produce clouds in the free atmosphere but no precipitation. <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHD-LbPgFzzwtOO8sOThikTCxlGMiXCJvr5dr_sZp1h3ame03oRYVYpgSiYam3IPQtFusQnSGamMfyZXFrixECjtFvT7vOJrJxld0_UfmZNwktPZvVnezFWrRh2qn670MzoZtnsIjmrqiUwDUeRHWIuomdh--254e08-JNDL9Dpw9U33Lb_qFOoWvS/s1187/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-Incipient-Low.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="809" data-original-width="1187" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHD-LbPgFzzwtOO8sOThikTCxlGMiXCJvr5dr_sZp1h3ame03oRYVYpgSiYam3IPQtFusQnSGamMfyZXFrixECjtFvT7vOJrJxld0_UfmZNwktPZvVnezFWrRh2qn670MzoZtnsIjmrqiUwDUeRHWIuomdh--254e08-JNDL9Dpw9U33Lb_qFOoWvS/w400-h272/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-Incipient-Low.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">When the vectors of the </span><span style="color: #04ff00; text-align: left;"><b>rotational swirl</b></span><span style="text-align: left;"> match the <br /></span><span style="color: #ff00fe; text-align: left;"><b>translational vector</b></span><span style="text-align: left;">, an incipient low is about to <br />form in the Earth frame of reference - <br />the same low-pressure area that <br />meteorologists analyse on weather maps. </span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><span style="text-align: center;">As</span> the speed of the swirl increases more that the speed of system translation, the location of the low on the weather map shifts in the direction of Coriolis Deflection (to the right in the northern hemisphere). In those situations when the system translational speed reduces to zero, the low in the Earth frame of reference must be collocated with the cyclonic swirl in the atmospheric frame.<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3PnokzNxxNQYm5T1lK6iRlV4TF-1Aod6gQEfmKCWwmzpIWH95d-S5ViK-7ynHA6t2LVXZE2MQVaMvYkz6YSIi9RZVRGJ99rFPbckO1B23Y-kAinrXMmCspNklUNmKizqVP-gomIdFzBN3qA0PNc8TbAnEnT7cxJde7t5jEWHvhyEPeKE1JdfAcgRM/s1181/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-QS-Low.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="811" data-original-width="1181" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3PnokzNxxNQYm5T1lK6iRlV4TF-1Aod6gQEfmKCWwmzpIWH95d-S5ViK-7ynHA6t2LVXZE2MQVaMvYkz6YSIi9RZVRGJ99rFPbckO1B23Y-kAinrXMmCspNklUNmKizqVP-gomIdFzBN3qA0PNc8TbAnEnT7cxJde7t5jEWHvhyEPeKE1JdfAcgRM/w400-h275/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-QS-Low.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>The clincher is that the centre of the swirl in the atmospheric frame of reference is <b><i>exactly </i></b>the centre of the moisture swirl that we witness in satellite imagery - and that is the relative vorticity centre using meteorologist lingo. That is what I discovered on that night shift while closely examining the grainy, hard-copy infrared satellite image. It was a eureka moment for me that would define most of my meteorological life. </p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>The swirls in the satellite imagery could be analyzed as vorticity centres. Vorticity centres were a staple of the products found in numerical simulations of the atmosphere. Comparing the location of the vorticity centres in the real atmosphere with those in the numerical, simulated atmosphere could lead to improved predictions especially when strong vortices were involved. </i></p></div></blockquote><div><p>It was really that simple. My goal was to teach this at Training Branch back in the mid-1980s. I was not successful then but did have some success eventually in Boulder, Colorado at <a href="https://www.comet.ucar.edu/" target="_blank">COMET</a>. Some of this work can be found within the COMET online material and it is all free - so the price is very right. I have reproduced some of that material in these blogs because it is so very important in order to understand cloud shapes. See "<i><a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/02/cloud-shapes-from-rotation.html" target="_blank">Cloud Shapes from Rotation</a></i>" for more on this. The additional influence of wind shear that spins up swirls is required to make a cusp in the cloud formation. </p><p>The identical process can be described for the anticyclonic swirls. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9655WuuyKE2Wc4wb9eWkgP3BM_rrHQLiQEzgejdOp1Aef3-n60ljPmsgH5Nl-e37_TIeo5NBAgatPKvoV7ldihbXrcW_LS-Ftzbj8uF9ts0gqze6gq9ZuRuly3dcs389O52v3VhnC_Hy6xamUMRMEMLo--Avjcbkj64P_F5XUIcm4XwG54KDzGU3y/s1171/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-Open-Ridge.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1171" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9655WuuyKE2Wc4wb9eWkgP3BM_rrHQLiQEzgejdOp1Aef3-n60ljPmsgH5Nl-e37_TIeo5NBAgatPKvoV7ldihbXrcW_LS-Ftzbj8uF9ts0gqze6gq9ZuRuly3dcs389O52v3VhnC_Hy6xamUMRMEMLo--Avjcbkj64P_F5XUIcm4XwG54KDzGU3y/w400-h275/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-Open-Ridge.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Open anticyclonic ridge - fast-moving fair weather</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwyHha9id5ok1bWLi5yyFIQgyPmmmoWISYWxPDlZcqMOwmUhQWDZ4GUtZiM_yPdHCCMkkIDsULaz4WkBXiudiKcjsLbdi9GowTNg2nVNmaulsXw5f1W4vVGQa7LclnBF00y0iBLWehcX--rJNWWt8vv1X4idGxxVrjliLXCh_GnRBjC-4HUq11dX2/s1161/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-Incipient-High.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="823" data-original-width="1161" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwyHha9id5ok1bWLi5yyFIQgyPmmmoWISYWxPDlZcqMOwmUhQWDZ4GUtZiM_yPdHCCMkkIDsULaz4WkBXiudiKcjsLbdi9GowTNg2nVNmaulsXw5f1W4vVGQa7LclnBF00y0iBLWehcX--rJNWWt8vv1X4idGxxVrjliLXCh_GnRBjC-4HUq11dX2/w400-h284/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-Incipient-High.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Incipient High in the Earth frame of reference when the rotational <br />speed of the anticyclonic swirl is the same as the speed of translation</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgx7awXEpJYumh_e1vqoklRlhe6Hbhr0K8d3TrA1Pz3Pyv7yZPZvDcLyFEFzOkgfXBHqpH0VZWj2lBxI6p2nJ504ehL9mkLacRf80hb1llNMBFuEnGhGPMdf5oi9eI9j_CTs0MMSBoDBV7TOeZcbNotlgCnnQxYc21XOnEDSdpwOYnXNoDj1e87WWf/s1185/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-QS-High.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="1185" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgx7awXEpJYumh_e1vqoklRlhe6Hbhr0K8d3TrA1Pz3Pyv7yZPZvDcLyFEFzOkgfXBHqpH0VZWj2lBxI6p2nJ504ehL9mkLacRf80hb1llNMBFuEnGhGPMdf5oi9eI9j_CTs0MMSBoDBV7TOeZcbNotlgCnnQxYc21XOnEDSdpwOYnXNoDj1e87WWf/w400-h275/Frame-of-Reference-Cyclonic-QS-High.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The location of the high-pressure centre shifts in the anti-<br />Coriolis Deflection direction (to the left in the northern <br />hemisphere) as the speed of translation diminishes <br />to zero and the high-pressure centre analyzed on the <br />weather map in the Earth frame of reference is collocated <br />with the anticyclonic swirl.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Clouds make so much more sense if we use an empathetic eye and watch them from the atmospheric frame of reference. Cloud lines and patterns shaped by the swirls can be easily understood.</div><div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GZuNn7gF3zo/XlfIsRit7vI/AAAAAAAANK0/y4YXjHD4NmQ-myM14jP7FIAY6gLCu_xowCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Pure-Rotation-comma-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="376" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GZuNn7gF3zo/XlfIsRit7vI/AAAAAAAANK0/y4YXjHD4NmQ-myM14jP7FIAY6gLCu_xowCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Pure-Rotation-comma-2.jpg" width="297" /></a></div><div>The red “<span style="color: red;"><b>X</b></span>” is considered to be positive or cyclonic (counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere) rotation of the atmosphere. The resultant cloud edges are actually two cyclonically curved arcs that meet smoothly at the centre of rotation. Pointing your right thumb upward at an “<span style="color: red;"><b>X</b></span>” also points your fingers in the direction of the cyclonic rotation of the atmosphere.</div><div><br /></div><div>The following animations might assist you to unlock the door of understanding for you...</div><div><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyeTK-BjLwrsP9d75bEIYLco8NAszgfGtQNvvBDVVuiG_dOP-YM-zhotRhKnMO6WwWyV5kGZwcoPZDlH0OKuA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>The point of inflection is not smooth but becomes a cusp when speed shear rotation is added into the mix. In the following animations, the <b><span style="color: red;">red X </span></b>of the vorticity centre is between the two components of pure rotation "<b><span style="color: red;">R</span></b>" and shear "<b><span style="color: red;">S</span></b>". Both rotation and shear cause the atmosphere to swirl. </div><div><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy2jTmfoNVtD1rcwynr-78VU6hDKjeo8EVbLsBT0PMDOlr0WMmOiWiSN81tO42PCfEZuNe7M5LLAhc1iJ_mpA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div>As the wind shear component "<b><span style="color: red;">S</span></b>" increases, the sharpness of the cusp increases correspondingly. </div><div><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz2qbeyQdHxj8_ELieJ8K4I3cixXYN9_3SHTDlN9jBv9ZoQqf0cgk7uoX7qHknysnOWUo2mSFftAxHsynMNlQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div>If you practice this just a few times and take the opportunity to watch clouds develop and move, you will quickly begin to understand cyclonic cloud shapes. Follow the cloud edges cyclonically to the cusp where the curvature of the arc changes. The cusp is your centre of rotation; the relative vorticity centre; the swirl and where you begin your empathetic view of the atmospheric moisture.</div><div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rbt1ej0C7OI/XlfR5gbEVgI/AAAAAAAANLg/BvMjaw2aRwg-l6Q1O1Z7T1MJPBdvo42RQCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Vort_max_satellite_image.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="459" height="207" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rbt1ej0C7OI/XlfR5gbEVgI/AAAAAAAANLg/BvMjaw2aRwg-l6Q1O1Z7T1MJPBdvo42RQCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Vort_max_satellite_image.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div>Exactly the same can be done for so-called anticyclonic circulations except that everything is mirrored in reverse. Anticyclonic circulations are typically associated with descending air and thus fewer clouds- but the weather is still very important. </div><div><br /></div><div>Looking back, this work on the centre of swirls seems intuitively obvious. At the time, it was anything but and the challenges were many and varied. A background in art certainly was beneficial to visualize the atmospheric motions from its frame of reference. In the early 1990s with vastly improved satellite imagery, I attempted to translate that data with the mean translation. The goal of "<i>King Atmosphere Relative Display</i>" or KARD was to further prove the concepts and assist others to see the bumper car aspects of atmospheric interactions. Some of the effort was completed at the King Radar site near Watershed Farm but again the challenges were large and I had to resort to hand waving. </div><div><br /></div><div>I did so much hand-waving in my time that it became more like bad break-dancing. I never tired of attempting to explain the beauty and simplicity of the weather. I guess I have yet to stop trying as I still empathically have my mind up in the clouds within their frame of reference. I also have more time now to take my paints along with me for the ride. </div><div><br /></div><div>There is much more that I could explain but this is enough for now. I hope you can get outside with your Coriolis Hand and watch the clouds go by and appreciate them even more... </div><div><br /></div><div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil Chadwick</div></div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-24113813431521573002022-12-02T14:09:00.142-05:002022-12-04T06:00:08.872-05:00Lines and Swirls Explained<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Er4tUOp2C8t0nBb3ZmKCrOmmgpPyI2n_4FQV114jRu2-2colUrvGuNyYRzqCKDXyjhj2zAwAvKumk7u8Phkxhg6NGgmpqeB3TbGW88c8bfgKa9meVNiihaJMgrK5c_lBgl58B7qtvqotCrMoi3z_qIQPsTF2oKcjiLhtbclatZQzrE6rxxVWOZJB/s1023/2713.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1023" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Er4tUOp2C8t0nBb3ZmKCrOmmgpPyI2n_4FQV114jRu2-2colUrvGuNyYRzqCKDXyjhj2zAwAvKumk7u8Phkxhg6NGgmpqeB3TbGW88c8bfgKa9meVNiihaJMgrK5c_lBgl58B7qtvqotCrMoi3z_qIQPsTF2oKcjiLhtbclatZQzrE6rxxVWOZJB/w400-h313/2713.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://philchadwickart.blogspot.com/2022/11/2713-curly-hook-cirrus-sunset.html " target="_blank">#2713 "Curly Hook Cirrus Sunset"</a><br />14x18 inches oils on canvas</td></tr></tbody></table><br />As the world paves over paradise, may I suggest that you surround yourself with nature? The sky for doing so is the limit or so the saying goes. Actually, the sky has no limits for natural inspiration and perhaps I might be of some assistance. The sky is always available and all you need is time. <p></p><p>Start by watching the patterns move across the sky. The translation of the clouds does not have to impact the shapes. The average wind simply moves the clouds along. Without water vapour, the circulations are quite invisible but they are still there. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglX3d0_olRIHL7T415jQYPZngAp0bFu6O7FbL25eFR0PlMtUarUbfdPfJ4E1KhdWIszqGFlzH52UfWI2iCo0HdouhBPo9ZmwJBJhgpL6nxHanfE6m0LJQ7cH9cKA_G6ygEa30_xODKQ-TxbUHr0Zjg873cCZSrR0n7afyUSgdrOO0s_ykoZUAwvF6X/s735/Bob-Dylan-Smoke-Rings.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="735" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglX3d0_olRIHL7T415jQYPZngAp0bFu6O7FbL25eFR0PlMtUarUbfdPfJ4E1KhdWIszqGFlzH52UfWI2iCo0HdouhBPo9ZmwJBJhgpL6nxHanfE6m0LJQ7cH9cKA_G6ygEa30_xODKQ-TxbUHr0Zjg873cCZSrR0n7afyUSgdrOO0s_ykoZUAwvF6X/s320/Bob-Dylan-Smoke-Rings.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Recall that moisture is shaped by relative motions within the atmospheric frame of reference. I have written about this many times but "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2021/03/down-to-earth-meteorology.html" target="_blank">Down to Earth Meteorology</a>" is a good summary. Absolute location to another reference frame such as the Earth only makes the patterns harder to comprehend. The shapes reveal the wind and those patterns are readily understandable in terms of lines and swirls. The answer is indeed blowing in the wind. Bob Dylan’s 1962 anthem posed some rhetorical questions about peace, war, and freedom and sixty years later, those elusive dreams have still not been attained. In the example of the atmospheric frame of reference, there is a solution though. All patterns within the atmospheric ocean evolve from that simple puff of wind along with smoke rings. <p></p><p>I reiterated the foundation for this work in my previous blog, “<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/11/a-jet-streak-with-paddle.html" target="_blank">A Jet Streak with a Paddle</a>”. This current blog will assemble those parts in terms of lines and swirls. I will follow that with the easiest atmospheric example - mare’s tail cirrus. After that, you are ready to understand every cloud in the free atmosphere – almost anyway. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjwEOErF7vC_fuECBnjUFjjB8F4BuZhVTOVtouc2n1v8n_XzSfusONwqlt539PXQuI97hkYjhiF2b9s7TNMtjWSyhBdKD1eZy0etay3J4206PMez0jI9yfjQLqQR1edWnPqUdxQDDnJv9eZbi0Lf8CAzJlG7R0e00plSJq1mgz35kEX9r5SDwwHqNU/s741/DZ-Coriolis1-rotated.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="741" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjwEOErF7vC_fuECBnjUFjjB8F4BuZhVTOVtouc2n1v8n_XzSfusONwqlt539PXQuI97hkYjhiF2b9s7TNMtjWSyhBdKD1eZy0etay3J4206PMez0jI9yfjQLqQR1edWnPqUdxQDDnJv9eZbi0Lf8CAzJlG7R0e00plSJq1mgz35kEX9r5SDwwHqNU/w400-h329/DZ-Coriolis1-rotated.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Deformation Zone Conceptual Model complete with <br />Coriolis Hand Orientations - for reference looking down</td></tr></tbody></table><p>In “A Jet Streak with a Paddle” we established:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The col of the deformation zone (DZ) is located where the rate of speed increase or decrease is the strongest. </li><li>The deformation zone (DZ) associated with a speed increase must parallel the flow.</li><li>The deformation zone (DZ) in an area of speed decrease must be perpendicular to the flow.</li></ul><p></p><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBNA3q6rnQQEyWoJm55VyEbBhxlqbt4UCL2pD3Kn-2gg5VI1X7QLqNJo4ihmuARuS5C5uOOpkZesh8hr_l3DvX5ZUdV1Au0EnwJS0Jp2G1qTkmYueP2wQjRV8KbVB1IHLSozMKd3nTB_Q_DHH6i7at0I3UobzXQTt-FQDZGkfpTbbTXV29blP8fHo3/s688/Jet-Streak-DZ-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="688" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBNA3q6rnQQEyWoJm55VyEbBhxlqbt4UCL2pD3Kn-2gg5VI1X7QLqNJo4ihmuARuS5C5uOOpkZesh8hr_l3DvX5ZUdV1Au0EnwJS0Jp2G1qTkmYueP2wQjRV8KbVB1IHLSozMKd3nTB_Q_DHH6i7at0I3UobzXQTt-FQDZGkfpTbbTXV29blP8fHo3/w400-h329/Jet-Streak-DZ-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking Down as in a Satellite View</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz03WZ9Hy_zjc0DW6mbS5p-HeXiLrRm79JbsIj2qfBX4GD1UcnxzZ1kotzzErGLJuyrfL201fqv1Icosf8O40eN1azYtH9nSJrBTEXl_EwbjAS7H9Pr5-wOuBM5ZRIGdzZ6uqlRHW6fXBVywQJdNOSNqsMudfXnuLMJeRjs9iw3GUoxeyT-u7tfgJe/s1478/Jet-Streak-DZ-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="826" data-original-width="1478" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz03WZ9Hy_zjc0DW6mbS5p-HeXiLrRm79JbsIj2qfBX4GD1UcnxzZ1kotzzErGLJuyrfL201fqv1Icosf8O40eN1azYtH9nSJrBTEXl_EwbjAS7H9Pr5-wOuBM5ZRIGdzZ6uqlRHW6fXBVywQJdNOSNqsMudfXnuLMJeRjs9iw3GUoxeyT-u7tfgJe/w400-h224/Jet-Streak-DZ-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Swirls of the Deformation Zone Conceptual Model <br />can be added to the lines. You cannot have lines<br />without the swirls</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE8RReZLRnRQ_WzVeTtiwGNf3SV932KITMXwM11NvZEQzn_uH9lYUmVqGdn9pu3mQKYBjjFUo2vovOVt_weaVCBEivFmbED3rEAkaqriVcrIBeczPTJKWIFeYP-8uoUnIMkZA-Crv8zqPCGKuWBmoCXsgRVJXJWzECwm78JYC1WgiL5r_MIiXIYo80/s474/smoke-rings-0.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="474" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE8RReZLRnRQ_WzVeTtiwGNf3SV932KITMXwM11NvZEQzn_uH9lYUmVqGdn9pu3mQKYBjjFUo2vovOVt_weaVCBEivFmbED3rEAkaqriVcrIBeczPTJKWIFeYP-8uoUnIMkZA-Crv8zqPCGKuWBmoCXsgRVJXJWzECwm78JYC1WgiL5r_MIiXIYo80/w400-h243/smoke-rings-0.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Smoke Rings are the Three-Dimensional Manifestation<br />of the Local Wind Maximum. The Visible Smoke Ring<br />related to the Companion Swirls associated with the <br />wind maximum</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Cirrus cloud is almost always in the sky for our entertainment. Cirrus is much more exciting than most meteorologists give it credit for. This post and “<i><a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/11/a-jet-streak-with-paddle.html" target="_blank">A Jet Streak with a Paddle</a></i>” will allow you to understand what the lofty cirrus has to say.</div><div><br /></div><div>Cirrus uncinus is a special type of cirrus cloud. The word "uncinus" is derived from Latin, meaning "<i>curly hooks</i>". Also known as mares' tails, these clouds are generally sparse in the sky and very thin. The clouds occur at high altitudes, at a temperature of about −50 to −40 °C. They are generally seen when a warm or occluded front is approaching. They are also shaped by the relative wind!</div><div><br /></div><div>The curl at the end of the band of cloud is associated with a decrease in wind speed. Within the atmospheric frame of reference, a decreasing wind speed requires deformation zones perpendicular to the direction of the flow. </div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFpIV2zlokQac2X3NyKImSwH7CGwdPFAjguioIQePM26Tc7fSvU51JBEOvVW3VVDLBB_2DZ_dwhUPUc61cH96cwj9syhicMJctI7hxxVTlbqvQTFmg7FKNLdVIAqJENmhYiypcnbxY7ZUK0OV-PsH9xcM1EXlLDYsH_PH_mcwvdJAsCe912dLGoVjb/s696/Jet-Streak-DZ-3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="666" data-original-width="696" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFpIV2zlokQac2X3NyKImSwH7CGwdPFAjguioIQePM26Tc7fSvU51JBEOvVW3VVDLBB_2DZ_dwhUPUc61cH96cwj9syhicMJctI7hxxVTlbqvQTFmg7FKNLdVIAqJENmhYiypcnbxY7ZUK0OV-PsH9xcM1EXlLDYsH_PH_mcwvdJAsCe912dLGoVjb/s320/Jet-Streak-DZ-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking Downward on the Curly Hook Cirrus Pattern</td></tr></tbody></table><div>In order for the speed to decrease, somewhere upstream the wind must have increased in speed as compared to the average flow of the atmosphere. If the speed of the flow increases, the deformation zones must parallel the direction of the flow. The fingers of your Coriolis Hand when aligned with the curl of the cloud, reveals if the moisture is associated with the cyclonic or anticyclonic companions of the atmospheric flow. </div><div><br /></div><div>Typically moisture is found on the warm side of the jet stream. This corresponds to the anticyclonic companion. You might notice that the majority of the mare’s tails are anticyclonic swirls. The wind decreases at the end of each mare’s tail necessitating the axis of the deformation to align perpendicular to the flow.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzTTOrsFSbpIWIyJ0NDGUC4FMNU4xBUwYVtJ5LXp22hXqXIVB7Hs-y759C5b3skJS6CdrmI8hloMxqQ0AzNW3NaY5WrqMQY5nUcwFP1dGA_Tf1pLtmfjZBCKs1H6UBVNwjNgXPeo5IVwHDI66K6J7Fp6UtQnjYmy7bn4z-jTjFiQxtIr1oSjBb911Q/s1206/Jet-Streak-DZ-4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="839" data-original-width="1206" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzTTOrsFSbpIWIyJ0NDGUC4FMNU4xBUwYVtJ5LXp22hXqXIVB7Hs-y759C5b3skJS6CdrmI8hloMxqQ0AzNW3NaY5WrqMQY5nUcwFP1dGA_Tf1pLtmfjZBCKs1H6UBVNwjNgXPeo5IVwHDI66K6J7Fp6UtQnjYmy7bn4z-jTjFiQxtIr1oSjBb911Q/w400-h279/Jet-Streak-DZ-4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Painting Looking Upward</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>You can also monitor the drift of the cloud by the average wind. Using your Coriolis Hand, you can determine if the drift relative to the average wind is either cyclonic or anticyclonic. Point the fingers of your Coriolis hand in the direction of the drift as you watch the approaching cloud. If the drift is toward your left, your Coriolis thumb points downward and you are watching the anticyclonic companion of the deforming flow. If the drift is toward your right, your Coriolis thumb points upward and the cyclonic companion is headed your way. Your right hand is your Coriolis Hand in the northern hemisphere. This is another application of the deformation zone conceptual model when the wind aloft is decreasing in speed. If there is no lateral drift in the cloud patterns, then the wind is increasing over you. I wrote about the Coriolis effect in "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-solution-to-cloud-swirls-can-be.html" target="_blank">The Solution to Cloud Swirls Can Be Found in Your Hands</a>". </div><div><br /></div><div>Everything begins with a change in wind speed. <b><i>Everything!</i></b> The change in wind speed results from a change in temperature which in turn drives the thermal wind which directly results in variations in wind speed. Meteorologists call this wind shear. Wind shear creates deformation zones and vortices but you can call them lines and swirls. It's OK, I do. </div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXNcPaTnworYbVTkyyHE-xeLsPdaQjQIO_7YM7_TT-iNiES4VK9nuzsmQiSh8QvDUSvo2UVy6oLQk0NCAnLqocfSx_Tes6XFWMVDMju_oBE0nvTG2c0q-O7-aKGEfbxA2siRqtH6TTMm_S7yCqJWu6RqLNJCbocv3QtLo2OzCSLjG_-d8YWrfplMMS/s1714/Deformation-Zones-Lines-Swirls-Duckweed2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="1714" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXNcPaTnworYbVTkyyHE-xeLsPdaQjQIO_7YM7_TT-iNiES4VK9nuzsmQiSh8QvDUSvo2UVy6oLQk0NCAnLqocfSx_Tes6XFWMVDMju_oBE0nvTG2c0q-O7-aKGEfbxA2siRqtH6TTMm_S7yCqJWu6RqLNJCbocv3QtLo2OzCSLjG_-d8YWrfplMMS/w400-h171/Deformation-Zones-Lines-Swirls-Duckweed2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Summary of the Lines and Swirls with a "Wind Maximum"<br />or Paddle Stroke complete with the orientation of your <br />Coriolis Hand revealing the sense of rotation remembering<br />of course that the circulation is really a 3D Smoke Ring in space<br />Looking Downward</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Indeed, the entire Conveyor Belt Conceptual Model can be explained using these simple concepts. The infra-red satellite imagery was "fuzzy" in the 1980s but was still adequate to convince me of these truths based on my experience with the paddle. My artistic background was conducive to revealing the patterns I witnessed in the lake and translating them to what I saw in satellite imagery and the atmospheric ocean. The boundaries between air masses are more than just lines, they are deformation zones. </div><div><br /></div><div>There is only one thing you need to know - the local wind maximum is responsible for everything you will see in the sky. The wind maximum can be as large as a jet streak in the jet stream or as small as a gust of wind. All patterns in the free atmosphere can be explained by the local wind maximum which creates nested patterns of lines and swirls.</div></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiusUqTeR2MTNEu-cqh_U0GKvKAMPMyVY6OKKDkpMR3j7QjRSmPqpyCHxisKil2jLnv5ryD2uSqc3FrLrTrvYZqCbgrfwDezaHXFAYeqIiGlEgGRIVdMj-1Uubi-4YQAdNHt4SSjawgwr_9Y6vKXzMmLPERkuLiF_rq2JI9xGeGJGxIqDoYG5SAM0TO/s1470/Jet-Streak-Chadwick-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="1470" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiusUqTeR2MTNEu-cqh_U0GKvKAMPMyVY6OKKDkpMR3j7QjRSmPqpyCHxisKil2jLnv5ryD2uSqc3FrLrTrvYZqCbgrfwDezaHXFAYeqIiGlEgGRIVdMj-1Uubi-4YQAdNHt4SSjawgwr_9Y6vKXzMmLPERkuLiF_rq2JI9xGeGJGxIqDoYG5SAM0TO/w400-h225/Jet-Streak-Chadwick-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">With thanks to my friend Dr. James Moore and<br /><a href="https://www.comet.ucar.edu/" target="_blank">COMET</a> who published many of my <br />meteorological musings. </td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div></div><div><br /></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-83540313213570599692022-11-13T14:39:00.013-05:002022-11-30T05:59:09.840-05:00A Jet Streak with a Paddle<p>Empathy might be the most important character. We are not the centre of the universe. It is important if not vital to consider the other frame of reference. Walk a mile in their shoes and keep an open mind. Something that looks complex in your world can become exceedingly obvious in theirs. Take a jet streak or a paddle stroke in a lake for instance… </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1kJwmIjByLvRgBy_GOqCBbyq4YxH51vVmevqvOyFNAUHuuipSK7HzYnUDmjyRHaq_Xz7sSwrPGvgovijpIts37v0DJ05hrVdOhDg9SEYu75QQ0MlrsiXe4R8RQhvNqe8tNvJo6HkBk-4Qkj1eAhJ_HhWqzGpXQhb7lr_gK9TURGYXGFg75LPbt3n3/s3794/Duck-Weed-Cyclone-2014-1-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2160" data-original-width="3794" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1kJwmIjByLvRgBy_GOqCBbyq4YxH51vVmevqvOyFNAUHuuipSK7HzYnUDmjyRHaq_Xz7sSwrPGvgovijpIts37v0DJ05hrVdOhDg9SEYu75QQ0MlrsiXe4R8RQhvNqe8tNvJo6HkBk-4Qkj1eAhJ_HhWqzGpXQhb7lr_gK9TURGYXGFg75LPbt3n3/w400-h228/Duck-Weed-Cyclone-2014-1-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One Must Examine Shapes in a Fluid from a <br />A Frame of Reference attached to the Fluid</td></tr></tbody></table>These thoughts and movies played out in my mind, typically on a night shift. The essential concept is that anything in a fluid is shaped solely by relative flows within that fluid. Any three-dimensional location with respect to anything else does not matter. The only frame of reference that needs to be applied is the one within the fluid. I have attempted on numerous occasions to explain this concept along with the following graphics. One memory from a classroom at COMET in Boulder, Colorado was disastrous. Everyone seemed so very confused... But I do not give up easily. <p>The atmospheric frame of reference moves with the mean flow of the wind. The atmosphere is always in motion but those motions are not uniform around the globe. It is best to just consider a volume the size of a synoptic weather system. The absolute vorticity field can assist in identifying this but I will leave that for another day. </p><p>In the accompanying graphics, the earth frame winds within the purple box are those measured from a given point attached to the globe. The average of all of these earth frame winds is the mean motion of the atmospheric frame of reference and the first term to the right of the mathematical "equals" sign. </p><p>The winds as measured within the atmospheric frame of reference are those winds within the green box to the right. The relative winds within the atmospheric frame of reference shape the clouds that we observe. Mathematically, the vectors must add up and be identical on either side of the "equals" sign. </p><p>The first graphic has calm winds within the atmospheric frame of reference. The cloud shapes must be simply translated across the landscape with the mean winds. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie_mUlkk3t0ce1hI5Us0g4MGIg6Rt2a9ZmsA_2CBO5RT1U2uLDwtbgmUsNmaAjlPXVqmcYPMj-1miWIdYinOI1lsw3Va9cfdno0Q1rSMD4_CSVAwBuNwKMY1LqpEraF8LvzINqEjCSBWpsMlVe1ueB2VRrlmRgeVNbuCybaLq1R3oU8BYnxkjlJl3O/s822/Frames-of-Reference-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="822" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie_mUlkk3t0ce1hI5Us0g4MGIg6Rt2a9ZmsA_2CBO5RT1U2uLDwtbgmUsNmaAjlPXVqmcYPMj-1miWIdYinOI1lsw3Va9cfdno0Q1rSMD4_CSVAwBuNwKMY1LqpEraF8LvzINqEjCSBWpsMlVe1ueB2VRrlmRgeVNbuCybaLq1R3oU8BYnxkjlJl3O/w400-h275/Frames-of-Reference-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">No relative Motions within the Green Box of <br />the Atmospheric Frame of Reference</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>The next few graphics have a wind in the earth frame of reference that simply decreases a bit. Such a change solely in wind speed can be difficult to measure but the impacts on cloud shape are astounding. The result for me back in the early 1980s was the "Deformation Zone Conceptual Model" that Roger Weldon was talking about. A simple decrease in wind speed results in an obvious line perpendicular to the wind and four vorticity/swirl centres that are both paired across that line and companions on either side of the flow. I struggled to develop clear and concise terminology that was meaningful to meteorologists and the general public as well. The relative spins of these four vorticity/swirl centres control the shape of the line and reveal everything about the meteorology within that portion of the atmosphere. The rest of my meteorological career was defined by that single night shift. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixK1X-4diwoyIQamR6vlVgCiSAmkGC4JFnMXIV7jYVUpltJczk9Rit_uZWvHJLy2JlGeDQVE1kZU-wWuc-VwQdT_lp1q1Z3pp-sPP3qwjzVBKzbG6zcEtJDodNCP0P98ryYMjVR_MwfGcosMzjikxEFkTPBuNLZ3lCp31zVhxR6jU7JYgT3jMEscUI/s1080/Frames-of-Reference-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="1080" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixK1X-4diwoyIQamR6vlVgCiSAmkGC4JFnMXIV7jYVUpltJczk9Rit_uZWvHJLy2JlGeDQVE1kZU-wWuc-VwQdT_lp1q1Z3pp-sPP3qwjzVBKzbG6zcEtJDodNCP0P98ryYMjVR_MwfGcosMzjikxEFkTPBuNLZ3lCp31zVhxR6jU7JYgT3jMEscUI/w400-h289/Frames-of-Reference-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Slight Decrease in the Wind Measured in the Earth Frame<br />of Reference Yields a Convergent Flow in the <br />Atmospheric Frame of Reference. </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7-a0WlXw379H0L6FOqVtnUEwWOedCzdwAgOIhyIpPfaoRn6N8ZozsHoZ5Ct8mOIj6f2qbRoCkCNVLMyrFxtz4Esoq8H17fXhLg7tyLyroj40My1Lj7DJ1YWdoW0WfOhtjkrj4rgG1A0ES2zE9tSjk75_MIOIJwZSEI2DIjg_qXQFaQKi6Tp-QPz_Z/s975/Frames-of-Reference-3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="975" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7-a0WlXw379H0L6FOqVtnUEwWOedCzdwAgOIhyIpPfaoRn6N8ZozsHoZ5Ct8mOIj6f2qbRoCkCNVLMyrFxtz4Esoq8H17fXhLg7tyLyroj40My1Lj7DJ1YWdoW0WfOhtjkrj4rgG1A0ES2zE9tSjk75_MIOIJwZSEI2DIjg_qXQFaQKi6Tp-QPz_Z/w400-h289/Frames-of-Reference-3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Convergent Flow in the Atmospheric Frame of Reference <br />becomes the Axis of Contraction in the Deformation Zone<br />Conceptual Model</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEEacHiEXk9piv5U2wgLgu1vlHbKVmEJnvMdUX5ByGDJjjd2IhPwoUSlbtk0X4Iqd8rifPKkKMb8AIt_l8QGgs0OvG3VeE0GZEyGIPlwwGA7tQMA8vBdA1vcVb-Mo0OBZ5yOK8leUpNeULx4kgmP7QI_z-3TK3YrcYbKtQLCuaWKS-LzlggoGahcAx/s790/Companion-Vortices-Ring.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="649" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEEacHiEXk9piv5U2wgLgu1vlHbKVmEJnvMdUX5ByGDJjjd2IhPwoUSlbtk0X4Iqd8rifPKkKMb8AIt_l8QGgs0OvG3VeE0GZEyGIPlwwGA7tQMA8vBdA1vcVb-Mo0OBZ5yOK8leUpNeULx4kgmP7QI_z-3TK3YrcYbKtQLCuaWKS-LzlggoGahcAx/w329-h400/Companion-Vortices-Ring.jpg" width="329" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Deformation Zone Conceptual Model</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>The next few graphics have a wind in the earth frame of reference that simply increases a bit. That pattern within the atmospheric frame of reference that develops is very different. A linear structure develops but it parallels the wind direction. The line is still a deformation zone but the conceptual model is rotated by 90 degrees. </div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghWcSUdHdkHJSdhsqZodpmFy-OxROJaz-Jmcpul0lP1emjAekg4HD3huB1sNYPSWpBzTQIkKCSHN-z2LRHj5K4Y1mDWRvvjMj1KD7BZX4LrdFxy27nSdeEti4l0fpbwMiSS_97pl97nDXGyAE3qVJzOaf3qjv6RArQFewt_22OqJ5FbdOp9ZO5BS08/s1151/Frames-of-Reference-20.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="1151" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghWcSUdHdkHJSdhsqZodpmFy-OxROJaz-Jmcpul0lP1emjAekg4HD3huB1sNYPSWpBzTQIkKCSHN-z2LRHj5K4Y1mDWRvvjMj1KD7BZX4LrdFxy27nSdeEti4l0fpbwMiSS_97pl97nDXGyAE3qVJzOaf3qjv6RArQFewt_22OqJ5FbdOp9ZO5BS08/w400-h288/Frames-of-Reference-20.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Slight Increase in the Wind Measured in the Earth Frame<br />of Reference Yields a Divergent Flow in the <br />Atmospheric Frame of Reference. </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMNbR92pBVS7z0jeTD2UKGamr3M4yTaoOT5I92juLj90YhFkoIx2lUUMuVZecG1phGSHwRCSC7mMnoh03rBIlZaqief0vIJ0T5h84RudeYn7J1lrBcX5EILPXKMhsKiDkNgrZnrPO1jOZ4O9U4uSH_RUEjwr4ICJuWGPlp72YeemYRBra1nMdgrVff/s1149/Frames-of-Reference-30.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="1149" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMNbR92pBVS7z0jeTD2UKGamr3M4yTaoOT5I92juLj90YhFkoIx2lUUMuVZecG1phGSHwRCSC7mMnoh03rBIlZaqief0vIJ0T5h84RudeYn7J1lrBcX5EILPXKMhsKiDkNgrZnrPO1jOZ4O9U4uSH_RUEjwr4ICJuWGPlp72YeemYRBra1nMdgrVff/w400-h289/Frames-of-Reference-30.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Divergent Flow in the Atmospheric Frame of Reference <br />becomes the Axis of Dilatation in the Deformation Zone<br />Conceptual Model</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSW6TaL02lPXYZ1GMeG-ASupozBY6pYEQJs5aBVUonelNSJWJlOKH0s_cgBP0xx0vu5uC5v8JcJnldqHL4PxuBXZUoWG_jeJw9aaJV_VVtE0mMl8kSYf2_kPJcRhGDxmnjpgPbJZLZVcaoJAIqkG_tuu4LEfJHYdcJXbG2Yam2iPse_FA46-PCszdx/s876/Companion-Vortices-Ring-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="876" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSW6TaL02lPXYZ1GMeG-ASupozBY6pYEQJs5aBVUonelNSJWJlOKH0s_cgBP0xx0vu5uC5v8JcJnldqHL4PxuBXZUoWG_jeJw9aaJV_VVtE0mMl8kSYf2_kPJcRhGDxmnjpgPbJZLZVcaoJAIqkG_tuu4LEfJHYdcJXbG2Yam2iPse_FA46-PCszdx/w400-h328/Companion-Vortices-Ring-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Deformation Zone Conceptual Model</td></tr></tbody></table><br />This leads me back to my first study of fluids and patterns which started with the family purchasing a fibreglass canoe around 1964. A single stroke of the paddle created a situation where the water increased in speed and then decreased while the canoe was propelled in the opposite direction - Newton's Third Law - for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. The lines that I witnessed in the fluid frame of water were exactly the same as those within the atmospheric frame of reference. Duckweed is the canoeing equivalent of water vapour in the atmosphere. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj40wjF9mI7aq5UMWDg25Z9rqsq0pkc1YGx1_wuhQDVxPuqYF4ezQ6xFSPTGuUcmM4BhyQ9-xxLzZpSMPl4WVezV24ZkAoTQnD3TY7r1qMQwGX8LGOED5hx1T0SeTPD61YPA0gYdkySQjehgGzw0UT0tZ1-MA5stTyyKcQ3M4sojVVzC0ebVoVfjywe/s1101/Frames-of-Reference-31.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="832" data-original-width="1101" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj40wjF9mI7aq5UMWDg25Z9rqsq0pkc1YGx1_wuhQDVxPuqYF4ezQ6xFSPTGuUcmM4BhyQ9-xxLzZpSMPl4WVezV24ZkAoTQnD3TY7r1qMQwGX8LGOED5hx1T0SeTPD61YPA0gYdkySQjehgGzw0UT0tZ1-MA5stTyyKcQ3M4sojVVzC0ebVoVfjywe/w400-h303/Frames-of-Reference-31.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Deformation Zone (DZ) Ahead of the Paddle Push<br /> is perpendicular to the Flow while<br />the DZ Behind the Paddle Push Parallels the Flow...<br />Intuitively Obvious if you are a Canoeist</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>An identical situation is also extremely important in the atmosphere - the jet streak or a local maximum in wind speed along the jet stream. Dr. James Moore provided the following conceptual model and graphic. I added the deformation zones. <br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibdoZm4ZVHQtPhg-zlZJyY6bulkhhKv_P-keQYruyN0A_dH7VTW5dxJ84hS2y2kfSRrQOdbbMDCRMpysYK9kCClNlzNq4O1-KG87aRkIGO-6Kdu3P1X87YT6YcvBaMN3gh6GZqK-DmFUHFx6u-HNnFGLLSxgwN8VYYC_Qx8XSMhqxAWv7yF9uojtQo/s1470/Jet-Streak-Chadwick-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="1470" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibdoZm4ZVHQtPhg-zlZJyY6bulkhhKv_P-keQYruyN0A_dH7VTW5dxJ84hS2y2kfSRrQOdbbMDCRMpysYK9kCClNlzNq4O1-KG87aRkIGO-6Kdu3P1X87YT6YcvBaMN3gh6GZqK-DmFUHFx6u-HNnFGLLSxgwN8VYYC_Qx8XSMhqxAWv7yF9uojtQo/w400-h225/Jet-Streak-Chadwick-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>If the local wind speed is increasing, the deformation zone must parallel the flow. If the local wind speed is decreasing, the deformation zone must form perpendicular to the flow. The lines in any fluid form within that medium reveal everything to anyone who is willing to place themselves within the fluid frame of reference.</div><div><br /></div><div>As a result, the observation of a deformation zone that is perpendicular to the flow requires that the flow is decreasing in that region of the atmosphere. A deformation zone that parallels the flow similar to baroclinic zone cirrus must be found in a region of the atmosphere where the flow is increasing. These are simple ideas but now you know how and why they work. </div><div><br /></div><div>As an illustration, applied to cirrus uncinusis. The name cirrus uncinus is derived from Latin, meaning "curly hooks". Also known as mares' tails, these clouds are generally sparse in the sky and very thin. The clouds occur at high altitudes, at a temperature of about −50 to −40 °C (−58 to −40 °F). The </div><div>curl at the end of the band of cloud is associated with a decrease in wind speed. Within the atmospheric frame of reference, a decreasing wind speed requires deformation zones perpendicular to the direction of the flow. With moisture typically on the warm side of the jet stream which corresponds to the anticyclonic companion, you might notice that the majority of the mares tails are anticyclonic swirls.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-73750089926648584842022-10-19T06:44:00.275-04:002024-03-06T16:04:42.088-05:00Tom Thomson Was A Weatherman - Summary As of Now<p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGs-MXpXWUIP_eNiM6uBAcTgyzZARK3dpd98i2TZCdUk1ngRj-Rv1-Eh72PYI4aFsb5AxiF9xnjLnS_R6gB_WnSOI_srSQo9KMtnj2fQMoamfGvxhsldDIx15ugNI7HaI2Uu_PCTNaVF57OXBZtkkKcZcpOwqokgyAqvGnU6T5eZ1xvwjz_gn2Y2Sr/s812/Tom-Thomson-1910.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="812" data-original-width="565" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGs-MXpXWUIP_eNiM6uBAcTgyzZARK3dpd98i2TZCdUk1ngRj-Rv1-Eh72PYI4aFsb5AxiF9xnjLnS_R6gB_WnSOI_srSQo9KMtnj2fQMoamfGvxhsldDIx15ugNI7HaI2Uu_PCTNaVF57OXBZtkkKcZcpOwqokgyAqvGnU6T5eZ1xvwjz_gn2Y2Sr/w279-h400/Tom-Thomson-1910.jpg" width="279" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;">Thomas John Thomson (born 5 August 1877 in Claremont, ON;</span></div><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 12.3704px;">died 8 July 1917, almost 40 years old ) circa 1905–10.</span><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 12.3704px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table>I started doing presentations about the art and science of Tom Thomson in the mid-1980s. I did not keep count but the number of presentations certainly numbers in the hundreds. This mountain of material has grown into a book that is now being blogged a bit at a time. <p></p><p>Thoreau MacDonald (1901-1989), the son of JEH MacDonald of the Group of Seven, was also a friend of Tom and he wrote:</p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">“<i>Thomson’s work would be a fine study for some competent critic, but anyone attempting it should be familiar, not only with every phase of his work but with the country too, lakes, rivers, weather; have them in his bones … </i>“</p></blockquote><p>I prefer to be positive... being critical is not my style but my natural science background might bring fresh information to the Tom Thomson catalogue raisonné. This project will take some years to complete but I am in no rush. </p><p>In the draft of my "<i>Tom Thomson Was A Weatherman</i>" book, I included several chapters describing the meteorology and natural science employed to better understand his art. This information has already been written in the "<i><a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">The Art and Science of Phil the Forecaster</a></i>" blogs which I have been compiling for many years. If you should encounter a term or concept that I do not adequately explain within the context of a particular Thomson work, a search of this site will certainly yield the answers. I will typically include linked references to the required background information with each painting. </p><p>The following is a list of the Blog entries to date accompanied by a representative image and a linked title to the Blog. Some paintings require more than one blog to fully explain. Tom accurately painted the truth of what he saw. </p><p>Arthur Lismer, his friend and Group of Seven member described Thomson as someone who "<i>sought the wilderness, never seeking to tame it, but only to draw from it, its magic of tangle and season.</i>" That wilderness put the "<i>wild</i>" into his art. </p><p>Blodwen Davies included in the 1967 publication "<i>Tom Thomson: The Story of a Man Who Looked for Beauty and for Truth In The Wilderness</i>" that Tom Thomson had remarked: "<i>Someday they will know what I mean.</i>" Hopefully, that day has arrived.</p><p>Note: Miss Blodwen Davies's passed in 1966 but she had previously sought help from Group of Seven artist A. Y. Jackson, who had written the Foreword to the first self-published version in 1935. That first printing was limited to 100 copies and the 1967 republished version of that scarce book is available to a larger audience. </p><p>Thank you for your interest. These posts have been a lifetime in coming. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMfJibJWR50SVOU9LYvkbNblwLxlfwPUBnACUYoeK49NhDmDX3ti339csdODsshNL1VJwWOUWmbH0KrLhW96fvcbspAifLqELUniJ4t0ZahbR3JhOjMepvvWJxMum--mFTaRDZUilm3BxRwI-1H_cpp19qsFc9dUFw-Iu7VAI8RDMQgUzm1u8idZx2/s710/Outdoor-Canada-Thomson-Article-1994.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="710" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMfJibJWR50SVOU9LYvkbNblwLxlfwPUBnACUYoeK49NhDmDX3ti339csdODsshNL1VJwWOUWmbH0KrLhW96fvcbspAifLqELUniJ4t0ZahbR3JhOjMepvvWJxMum--mFTaRDZUilm3BxRwI-1H_cpp19qsFc9dUFw-Iu7VAI8RDMQgUzm1u8idZx2/w200-h146/Outdoor-Canada-Thomson-Article-1994.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/05/tom-thomson-was-weatherman.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson Was A Weatherman</a><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSEJEbkoUMxCbkqHMxwMXCmqjbGPurqQTBUFjucpiLqQ0Oxv4AIopTIxPkGwWsV6GB1tqK25P4jpAnSNay1YhUg5PjBiIHoXTXxWzRx2IlCJ3Ydg0DezknG6cObsrJ6GO90RSR0wOO9AhGneEDoXDKziYfDPmP89rOYa0cLoxI5Xe5H87lXA9VG8mL/s1163/thunderhead-Thomson-1913.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1163" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSEJEbkoUMxCbkqHMxwMXCmqjbGPurqQTBUFjucpiLqQ0Oxv4AIopTIxPkGwWsV6GB1tqK25P4jpAnSNay1YhUg5PjBiIHoXTXxWzRx2IlCJ3Ydg0DezknG6cObsrJ6GO90RSR0wOO9AhGneEDoXDKziYfDPmP89rOYa0cLoxI5Xe5H87lXA9VG8mL/w200-h138/thunderhead-Thomson-1913.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/05/toms-tornado.html" target="_blank">Tom’s Tornado!</a><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFV5hcvARCQnnqEYnueYW4tcDb_LXDEAXzJy6YZ79yH5OOKqd6dMVwkCvOXu46b_0KDaVEGtAzbAlmlVxfmdSWkmN1HaiaDPOWKB7v0LU3f3Wcmel8hJTdG5yxNVgDyOAElyzOcJTI9jekNbDBmRHxsN_MCPsGAP7l-y5g13SIjFLD0ZZJIMBejY5H/s1207/thunderhead-Thomson-1913-annotated.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="832" data-original-width="1207" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFV5hcvARCQnnqEYnueYW4tcDb_LXDEAXzJy6YZ79yH5OOKqd6dMVwkCvOXu46b_0KDaVEGtAzbAlmlVxfmdSWkmN1HaiaDPOWKB7v0LU3f3Wcmel8hJTdG5yxNVgDyOAElyzOcJTI9jekNbDBmRHxsN_MCPsGAP7l-y5g13SIjFLD0ZZJIMBejY5H/w200-h138/thunderhead-Thomson-1913-annotated.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/05/toms-tornado-two-some-science.html" target="_blank">Tom’s Tornado Two - Some Science</a><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Ytv77B-L0I3fYdYusDoEH4-acfxx5zVaD7sD2cexxB_0cTGRTbmYaTYUGzJShcpwyIh7gIZEZyz5PrDPd-50zRC051JvXd54vHA91rLOtiqCKamecL-dadQ0AhV8tw0dV2gxfPrGvChSnoetMJAdtdS9Dui0et8yf80LQH-Ro1Ak5xivnOrOLPEe/s991/Chadwick-0886-0887.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="991" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Ytv77B-L0I3fYdYusDoEH4-acfxx5zVaD7sD2cexxB_0cTGRTbmYaTYUGzJShcpwyIh7gIZEZyz5PrDPd-50zRC051JvXd54vHA91rLOtiqCKamecL-dadQ0AhV8tw0dV2gxfPrGvChSnoetMJAdtdS9Dui0et8yf80LQH-Ro1Ak5xivnOrOLPEe/s320/Chadwick-0886-0887.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/05/toms-tornado-three-some-art.html " target="_blank">Tom’s Tornado Three - Some Art</a><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJ3EMbkxNvUUnfdBqZtcfKujfgvymjfTgCh0Nr__TJrqXqiddpInTxmoQbJY3qk-0nLyvG_Gd2xY17pQ4gZtb8KhURA7zUXD-GapjlpFPkLOb4Xe65GZqXV4nWs4UTjqzLHO_o76B5bz8mWUoQoNSP1XovCoO-rwgicK5wdejoQ2OZlxWeL6y4ZTA/s1536/summerclouds.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1208" data-original-width="1536" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJ3EMbkxNvUUnfdBqZtcfKujfgvymjfTgCh0Nr__TJrqXqiddpInTxmoQbJY3qk-0nLyvG_Gd2xY17pQ4gZtb8KhURA7zUXD-GapjlpFPkLOb4Xe65GZqXV4nWs4UTjqzLHO_o76B5bz8mWUoQoNSP1XovCoO-rwgicK5wdejoQ2OZlxWeL6y4ZTA/w200-h158/summerclouds.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/05/toms-summer-clouds.html " target="_blank">Tom's Summer Clouds</a><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm5yAuoGiDrxmRUFl9wLTHpvnpH7R6Eg51EnDGNgQyYQ6f-jKhGwX7oyeLQIHk6D2MfOKZR0iYbrINFLRcXca0dD_cGAN4PuQwyRL0VU_bZB-I0BhbRk-vHLXymfELpZIJY-XSZC9AkEc0FpDKuOSMrnm7uuynutWIWmAFNRZA5nWqsRSkmkVCIyPK/s644/Thunderhead-Pink-Cloud-over-a-Lake-summer-1916.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="644" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm5yAuoGiDrxmRUFl9wLTHpvnpH7R6Eg51EnDGNgQyYQ6f-jKhGwX7oyeLQIHk6D2MfOKZR0iYbrINFLRcXca0dD_cGAN4PuQwyRL0VU_bZB-I0BhbRk-vHLXymfELpZIJY-XSZC9AkEc0FpDKuOSMrnm7uuynutWIWmAFNRZA5nWqsRSkmkVCIyPK/w200-h155/Thunderhead-Pink-Cloud-over-a-Lake-summer-1916.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/06/thunderhead-pink-cloud-over-lake-summer.html " target="_blank">Thunderhead: Pink Cloud over a Lake - Summer 1916</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfzu9REvgPG9LusyJzyL7lybiSqREGqg75hNB4z4ouFQUd-Gizekabxcv1cyI0zunLhVBv8aF9Gq-LqD9bUpXQQzMGtZSuIHqaoNjuL74hiMAqfg31_pS7fIhHkWNgdz-P4lJGEJMvVGBoKnkr0S3WM1HS4OI7VG33EDjgttW0DASLxovS7ReCCIrv/s1000/Lightning-Canoe-Lake-Thomson.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="807" data-original-width="1000" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfzu9REvgPG9LusyJzyL7lybiSqREGqg75hNB4z4ouFQUd-Gizekabxcv1cyI0zunLhVBv8aF9Gq-LqD9bUpXQQzMGtZSuIHqaoNjuL74hiMAqfg31_pS7fIhHkWNgdz-P4lJGEJMvVGBoKnkr0S3WM1HS4OI7VG33EDjgttW0DASLxovS7ReCCIrv/w200-h161/Lightning-Canoe-Lake-Thomson.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/06/lightning-canoe-lake-summer-1915.html" target="_blank">Lightning, Canoe Lake: Summer 1915</a><div><br /></div><div><br /><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia9BLR1-KriBnNEdueMTZufqBgC8CVg3BtJI7gpMHKT6y-xQIeKu4PYBEjwDb3Au7dX5D1-MGM_TJxrXKwLwc7_9DCdjyLB6_LiCMagxwsU2BgcRgIF9T4lqqDHlqpSQiVJnuSd0Nr8uGK7jRyhaGjs0WwL0B3DF2dCQLJ4qeUCF2cHaBnc7R8dTYE/s1186/Thundercloud-1912-Thomson.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="831" data-original-width="1186" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia9BLR1-KriBnNEdueMTZufqBgC8CVg3BtJI7gpMHKT6y-xQIeKu4PYBEjwDb3Au7dX5D1-MGM_TJxrXKwLwc7_9DCdjyLB6_LiCMagxwsU2BgcRgIF9T4lqqDHlqpSQiVJnuSd0Nr8uGK7jRyhaGjs0WwL0B3DF2dCQLJ4qeUCF2cHaBnc7R8dTYE/w200-h140/Thundercloud-1912-Thomson.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/06/thunder-cloud-summer-1912.html " target="_blank">Thunder Cloud: Summer 1912</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyLXFoZWCkYICtCSd_0cnq3dVwZhi9voiu-scWnVM260aba9zuEhRkrE2VLvvdHmJNonjuQKz3o_38huuRVqLF5qRDbjO2IgL6OOJ24So87IknTgqRD64yMMStusRw1zAVvDXIdMq3LGRGzh6NahjJdDsnneodi6owckzlRU_19a3WjpjOn9MW8X-L/s886/tomthomson-supercell-dark-thunderheads.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="721" data-original-width="886" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyLXFoZWCkYICtCSd_0cnq3dVwZhi9voiu-scWnVM260aba9zuEhRkrE2VLvvdHmJNonjuQKz3o_38huuRVqLF5qRDbjO2IgL6OOJ24So87IknTgqRD64yMMStusRw1zAVvDXIdMq3LGRGzh6NahjJdDsnneodi6owckzlRU_19a3WjpjOn9MW8X-L/w200-h163/tomthomson-supercell-dark-thunderheads.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/06/dark-thunderheads.html" target="_blank">Dark Thunderheads</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi23wjXkDn1QLcMIwGhl47u5zhNTr11wwotTGxpK7SlQ7UonDDudg-_OLfESZegxj2ZGpmTAda5c3QaAWPQwDRKCiY3cSP3WomAHfsIpT5sgsOjafR9HJzpPVxwqIoVabXNen14TcTYaDr40bkwYXjcRAWX-1P88bC6yUG-Qh6vZJjZXhNJBgCMXGx/s1149/TT-After-The-Storm.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="927" data-original-width="1149" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi23wjXkDn1QLcMIwGhl47u5zhNTr11wwotTGxpK7SlQ7UonDDudg-_OLfESZegxj2ZGpmTAda5c3QaAWPQwDRKCiY3cSP3WomAHfsIpT5sgsOjafR9HJzpPVxwqIoVabXNen14TcTYaDr40bkwYXjcRAWX-1P88bC6yUG-Qh6vZJjZXhNJBgCMXGx/w200-h161/TT-After-The-Storm.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/07/tom-thomsons-last-weather-observation.html " target="_blank">Tom Thomson’s Last Weather Observation</a><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1PA2l-9eICvvkB2n_8xJvqXKTQpkWxJ4_0atBMD8HoRi18JMWVzWe-Qmk38v1RIOGnw5B3dN5T02izcB80DU4a-CpaYtAWwgziiZ5IT7wG8IfpO0YOqkwwP1ZeCdtqa4uWsnA0iqvSAgcAr-7vPMBvYPCS2ldk3BkdgMfp-LBRNdzTPCqWDVnPa0B/s1136/TT-Evening-Summer-1915.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1136" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1PA2l-9eICvvkB2n_8xJvqXKTQpkWxJ4_0atBMD8HoRi18JMWVzWe-Qmk38v1RIOGnw5B3dN5T02izcB80DU4a-CpaYtAWwgziiZ5IT7wG8IfpO0YOqkwwP1ZeCdtqa4uWsnA0iqvSAgcAr-7vPMBvYPCS2ldk3BkdgMfp-LBRNdzTPCqWDVnPa0B/w200-h164/TT-Evening-Summer-1915.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/07/tom-thomsons-squall-line-thunderstorms.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Squall Line Thunderstorms - Evening Summer-1915</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaZ2nM21BhMmPHcUq9sxjMl6JWjE3CSSRtCO4E5lDTdws_qnwWQ7NB8vXgwYQDTeWbFHf56F1Uv8KOv6L1i6ph9OhLETpve83QV3MEu0GJhVLScjSNCtrPAi5N-tlLGCbS_wpxAZoYAL6J49JA82t6-IA4thh_lKkDMKFFyKizV9S9I_xO0S6TNi1w/s980/tt-rainbow-image-painting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="980" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaZ2nM21BhMmPHcUq9sxjMl6JWjE3CSSRtCO4E5lDTdws_qnwWQ7NB8vXgwYQDTeWbFHf56F1Uv8KOv6L1i6ph9OhLETpve83QV3MEu0GJhVLScjSNCtrPAi5N-tlLGCbS_wpxAZoYAL6J49JA82t6-IA4thh_lKkDMKFFyKizV9S9I_xO0S6TNi1w/w200-h161/tt-rainbow-image-painting.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/07/tom-thomsons-rainbow.html " target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Rainbow</a> </div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgps0tYSsstkGt_dbw2z8E8O-Wi-5ADZqEssz_zcC_MTVpwA6oJYqGOvBFw2eEyaIx9cspowH4SKuapILKrjfkM277D18qWzF2sZBzaqUJmEyJZOMFblXQccKWKWOhp5nqqRO1lQQIjOfUKN3q299YTKN7-nVoeTa-__h8JZMtsUSHTp1u5WGkIKvPf/s1093/TT-Moonlight-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="748" data-original-width="1093" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgps0tYSsstkGt_dbw2z8E8O-Wi-5ADZqEssz_zcC_MTVpwA6oJYqGOvBFw2eEyaIx9cspowH4SKuapILKrjfkM277D18qWzF2sZBzaqUJmEyJZOMFblXQccKWKWOhp5nqqRO1lQQIjOfUKN3q299YTKN7-nVoeTa-__h8JZMtsUSHTp1u5WGkIKvPf/w200-h137/TT-Moonlight-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/07/tom-thomsons-moonlight.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Moonlight</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbeN0He45FUSGVxhnKPu6_W5qITic8VqCg4KXhRMU7P18MfHx7hxq4gCr6Cpir55MMcDaP2TlEPDMFMCGdwLK6-18-c2LNDzqUAMQJvBB-PUIH6limmL3hxLcgYCZzNQybYHgkuA30bdzVVFLfHQjFyGBhXIIu657aYvVtQBNyQMvPAqmq7tvYjrj-/s1000/Sky%20-the%20light%20that%20never%20was-1913-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="1000" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbeN0He45FUSGVxhnKPu6_W5qITic8VqCg4KXhRMU7P18MfHx7hxq4gCr6Cpir55MMcDaP2TlEPDMFMCGdwLK6-18-c2LNDzqUAMQJvBB-PUIH6limmL3hxLcgYCZzNQybYHgkuA30bdzVVFLfHQjFyGBhXIIu657aYvVtQBNyQMvPAqmq7tvYjrj-/w200-h140/Sky%20-the%20light%20that%20never%20was-1913-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/08/tom-thomsons-light-that-never-was-1913.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Sky "The Light that Never Was" - 1913</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii6RpiYuyb9YMUyQRuKZ4MAWCbxibDufotjUssD8A0t4bdbW46MLZqyMJPBpHZgDaBJk4vqqGh-emINniYDrH2n50RXx-jJY9UROyPGWpbt2cfF_jV57rnZ6UL0LeimN-FC7GfrJhyXYW8EvTQu0a97uCMJxMLppgyhFPtcs-jtGYpMEpvILtCduwC/s940/TT-Sunset-1915.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="940" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii6RpiYuyb9YMUyQRuKZ4MAWCbxibDufotjUssD8A0t4bdbW46MLZqyMJPBpHZgDaBJk4vqqGh-emINniYDrH2n50RXx-jJY9UROyPGWpbt2cfF_jV57rnZ6UL0LeimN-FC7GfrJhyXYW8EvTQu0a97uCMJxMLppgyhFPtcs-jtGYpMEpvILtCduwC/w200-h149/TT-Sunset-1915.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/08/tom-thomsons-sunset-1915.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's "Sunset" 1915</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJyMMZr8-H9wN4Bm8gFxwYBPCsHFaJpWumNcHfaV57Ho7pU-6iK-ZXskCAo4frpHoNrBkXCRkiW74ySG2pNF9ZuStq5HmrlBsIax16wskMyVncvXNQMj_GA8fi6Ymmyi7yiAz8zuTjAt947IzYpbk566KxQMaaLT33slDQj9ZRmkDXAP4nIuhDrV2f/s599/View-Over-A-Lake-Autumn-2016.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="599" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJyMMZr8-H9wN4Bm8gFxwYBPCsHFaJpWumNcHfaV57Ho7pU-6iK-ZXskCAo4frpHoNrBkXCRkiW74ySG2pNF9ZuStq5HmrlBsIax16wskMyVncvXNQMj_GA8fi6Ymmyi7yiAz8zuTjAt947IzYpbk566KxQMaaLT33slDQj9ZRmkDXAP4nIuhDrV2f/w200-h165/View-Over-A-Lake-Autumn-2016.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/08/tom-thomsons-view-over-lake-1916.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's "View Over a Lake" 1916</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu_ao9Zfs5uStk-qienV0huGhzpvEeJ7dvCLNmGO7vsqMYPWuqHFLqfmtMzYSx8O6Y0RIMQae44R6G_9fiQfKPxuMIEjxQN5sd2HkhDVNzHTHJ3uQrfUCwApRFi2YRPkgkuWeq6wpC4xGArIcvKTrik4y9HqVM_TUE2-KI_c7ClnH52WbO-_LuNOW1/s996/TT-Misty-Sky-Summer-1914.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="808" data-original-width="996" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu_ao9Zfs5uStk-qienV0huGhzpvEeJ7dvCLNmGO7vsqMYPWuqHFLqfmtMzYSx8O6Y0RIMQae44R6G_9fiQfKPxuMIEjxQN5sd2HkhDVNzHTHJ3uQrfUCwApRFi2YRPkgkuWeq6wpC4xGArIcvKTrik4y9HqVM_TUE2-KI_c7ClnH52WbO-_LuNOW1/w200-h163/TT-Misty-Sky-Summer-1914.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/09/tom-thomsons-misty-sky-summer-1914.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's "Misty Sky, Summer " 1914</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeZJcE3BVZaT4vhcM2Dh6P0rNtwVsdpxO1zAU8aDQcq__jLXbYe5emBY5UML6tqBYdA2xzhR2iq0HOuPUEwXVt0v3wRDCtEQIUo0GncWK0Vri-v36N_0qg0c2JR4tE9INsA7kuqBM7P6nRp-9pjaYY9iuQyAPXD2NuVlcdziecshdt0Bd0qsG_ZcXT/s1168/TT-Georgian-Bay-Summer-1914.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="1168" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeZJcE3BVZaT4vhcM2Dh6P0rNtwVsdpxO1zAU8aDQcq__jLXbYe5emBY5UML6tqBYdA2xzhR2iq0HOuPUEwXVt0v3wRDCtEQIUo0GncWK0Vri-v36N_0qg0c2JR4tE9INsA7kuqBM7P6nRp-9pjaYY9iuQyAPXD2NuVlcdziecshdt0Bd0qsG_ZcXT/w200-h158/TT-Georgian-Bay-Summer-1914.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/09/tom-thomsons-georgian-bay-summer-1914.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's "Georgian Bay, Summer " 1914</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1TzJa9teYtTVEMlaQ9himFliM-MlR2W29ArRiU0uY3_neQQdlcBoeJkqN0ouRpBd5qyUp8uvZMP_wRkuG1AnIIBtORJ701sMTOYXyETNRbUbFNWI_yRrmxN8ByU2L28DjINi3YP18UBRiZtTnMTao_GF5F1MkQ33dUm18nXJ4rhBaGwCTJxbGfRXG/s961/TT-Rising%20Mist-Heavy%20Skies-Fall-1916.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="961" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1TzJa9teYtTVEMlaQ9himFliM-MlR2W29ArRiU0uY3_neQQdlcBoeJkqN0ouRpBd5qyUp8uvZMP_wRkuG1AnIIBtORJ701sMTOYXyETNRbUbFNWI_yRrmxN8ByU2L28DjINi3YP18UBRiZtTnMTao_GF5F1MkQ33dUm18nXJ4rhBaGwCTJxbGfRXG/w200-h165/TT-Rising%20Mist-Heavy%20Skies-Fall-1916.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/09/tom-thomsons-rising-mist-heavy-skies.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's “Rising Mist - Heavy Skies” Autumn </a></div><div>The flip side of <a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/09/tom-thomsons-rising-mist-heavy-skies.html" target="_blank"> 1916</a> <a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/03/tom-thomsons-landscape-with-snow-autumn.html" target="_blank">Landscape with Snow, 1916. Even more interesting meteorology and history.</a> </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHvwy9ltPmZ7ba7WrFajrYk28j28rIlqAjJcMf0LBQhTOAEynylwOALvKDNIV4W2UB7VTTfAJ-4ukdFGRus8BGlP6jbCGluzG-XQBJXbTKsSb-bMMowiLnTa1EnQOsqLQ4btrVK25EbXiI_mK0bM_cZ5cGGLdmIVFVImkf13xVOMFkOJ9asoRxYD4q/s2927/TT-A-Northern-Lake-1916-best.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2371" data-original-width="2927" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHvwy9ltPmZ7ba7WrFajrYk28j28rIlqAjJcMf0LBQhTOAEynylwOALvKDNIV4W2UB7VTTfAJ-4ukdFGRus8BGlP6jbCGluzG-XQBJXbTKsSb-bMMowiLnTa1EnQOsqLQ4btrVK25EbXiI_mK0bM_cZ5cGGLdmIVFVImkf13xVOMFkOJ9asoRxYD4q/w200-h162/TT-A-Northern-Lake-1916-best.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/10/tom-thomsons-northern-lake-earth-shadow.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's "A Northern Lake" Was the Belt of Venus Sunrise</a><br /><div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8tJqwMhTE55QYYBRJPg-xdpgX3xRIHNOp5poxdlnrYv47HFgjkAUmnqNur1n8GnzT8k7oSZhR0AxEbDyuvd6eTTu7Bz5sMwJzcGvoz04RIZ1Kmhw2ns3oyZYPCZuW90YmI513G0dPS8oyaF2-NW0I1U53-ze0Zxtuxr5hhclNnPFWtJrFoF-d-EtU/s1000/TT-Dawn-on-Round-Lake.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="807" data-original-width="1000" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8tJqwMhTE55QYYBRJPg-xdpgX3xRIHNOp5poxdlnrYv47HFgjkAUmnqNur1n8GnzT8k7oSZhR0AxEbDyuvd6eTTu7Bz5sMwJzcGvoz04RIZ1Kmhw2ns3oyZYPCZuW90YmI513G0dPS8oyaF2-NW0I1U53-ze0Zxtuxr5hhclNnPFWtJrFoF-d-EtU/w200-h161/TT-Dawn-on-Round-Lake.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/10/tom-thomsons-dawn-on-round-lake-tells.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's “Dawn on Round Lake" tells a story</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA0PQbdot0wuX_U1u0NmQA9V0NsalPUf0cRLAhp9jkjylL8hcSfn9Zr7WhzttMvhn_DSO0fHvdhUiro2qahxH-Vma39GeZFGjTdSpPalj3DJ3_R8EEE3FKIm1_UHPlOKYWzY90gqR6hDtlF4qkT7vp1w6J_q4VvIdDh_h6SlIxkhAVr9hDRofJXK0M/s989/TT-Black-Spruce-Autumn-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="802" data-original-width="989" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA0PQbdot0wuX_U1u0NmQA9V0NsalPUf0cRLAhp9jkjylL8hcSfn9Zr7WhzttMvhn_DSO0fHvdhUiro2qahxH-Vma39GeZFGjTdSpPalj3DJ3_R8EEE3FKIm1_UHPlOKYWzY90gqR6hDtlF4qkT7vp1w6J_q4VvIdDh_h6SlIxkhAVr9hDRofJXK0M/w200-h162/TT-Black-Spruce-Autumn-2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/10/tom-thomsons-black-spruce-in-autumn.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Black Spruce Autumn 1915 observation of a cold frontal passage</a><br /><div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/11/tom-thomsons-west-wind-and-weather.html" target="_blank"></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvAVYjjLOnGGsTxgSuxj3PGNYcmSfA54qi6eBrYXQXfyRYUnPvp5pwuPQ_HSh_VC6VIYYCTL4s7i0rcW6Vl5PmYrUxZtMnBBRAptPohrWGGu_vMnhtCTjbsru3ABGwj43iJqaxZtRR2jxCMosfO8G9U3KLRhDAZgEJwdLqTOLlHNLbu6w6rrkSKLic/s778/TT-West-Wind-Sketch.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="778" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvAVYjjLOnGGsTxgSuxj3PGNYcmSfA54qi6eBrYXQXfyRYUnPvp5pwuPQ_HSh_VC6VIYYCTL4s7i0rcW6Vl5PmYrUxZtMnBBRAptPohrWGGu_vMnhtCTjbsru3ABGwj43iJqaxZtRR2jxCMosfO8G9U3KLRhDAZgEJwdLqTOLlHNLbu6w6rrkSKLic/w200-h163/TT-West-Wind-Sketch.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/11/tom-thomsons-west-wind-and-weather.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's West Wind Sketch of a cold frontal passage with strong thunderstorms in the spring of 1916</a><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCJdtq0_4KV-dPdJcLjqSOCtgLY5SMuaX8bNzaHKv7g97IwppzEYArYJiaaOMOQtcBGytH3u2G_scEoFN0OutY8e5leJZ8oGcIO8rrXD39Pl1_zG8lZSTrgY0VMwsnqnJoYYLCTlB9C66oVtoIuRCwwka6T1hC0oAI1i3AP9TgNrcPH0jA1mqmX9Wg/s1000/TT-Clouds-The-Zeppelins-1915-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="806" data-original-width="1000" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCJdtq0_4KV-dPdJcLjqSOCtgLY5SMuaX8bNzaHKv7g97IwppzEYArYJiaaOMOQtcBGytH3u2G_scEoFN0OutY8e5leJZ8oGcIO8rrXD39Pl1_zG8lZSTrgY0VMwsnqnJoYYLCTlB9C66oVtoIuRCwwka6T1hC0oAI1i3AP9TgNrcPH0jA1mqmX9Wg/w200-h161/TT-Clouds-The-Zeppelins-1915-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/11/tom-thomsons-clouds-from-all-sides.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Clouds (The Zeppelins) of an approaching warm front with heavy snow and conditional symmetric instability at 8 pm on Thursday, April 29th, 1915</a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYBxrBCVkqicvBrNDw28U0rSNyjYbwW1cia8VdMSPXvDJ1aXb4Rr8hOwMLomBNn0CEmdlyhgHfW-KFC_tfnvXLVjYUmjjDIQ9geehlMmbyquFKtynk-_40qfy7kXDdb2-OpF__0UKSeMjZUiail_P2By0Mhb7wUsOuqr07yQl3dsP16lNxsvpkqK6j/s1303/TheZeppelins-2avi.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1013" data-original-width="1303" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYBxrBCVkqicvBrNDw28U0rSNyjYbwW1cia8VdMSPXvDJ1aXb4Rr8hOwMLomBNn0CEmdlyhgHfW-KFC_tfnvXLVjYUmjjDIQ9geehlMmbyquFKtynk-_40qfy7kXDdb2-OpF__0UKSeMjZUiail_P2By0Mhb7wUsOuqr07yQl3dsP16lNxsvpkqK6j/w200-h156/TheZeppelins-2avi.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/11/tom-thomsons-clouds-zeppelins-and.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Clouds (The Zeppelins) of an approaching warm front with heavy snow and conditional symmetric instability at 8 pm on Thursday, April 29th, 1915 - Astronomy </a></div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUPPuu2rBVil93CQAkti-CEhlbbZ3VSjWS28zkBkKUZJ49k1Joujd1QN2I82BHd2q7IS5ULRhMqkgRL3gSh0VQQh4GF9hJ0V3gXx53BlIby3stu7L2G6ntKRmLJ_-FIhS2DtfY_2OfaoQiXRHilw75KemBQQeEKIGXFp7nTiPlwQj0vusyjgqEMHz1/s813/tt-the%20zeppelins-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="813" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUPPuu2rBVil93CQAkti-CEhlbbZ3VSjWS28zkBkKUZJ49k1Joujd1QN2I82BHd2q7IS5ULRhMqkgRL3gSh0VQQh4GF9hJ0V3gXx53BlIby3stu7L2G6ntKRmLJ_-FIhS2DtfY_2OfaoQiXRHilw75KemBQQeEKIGXFp7nTiPlwQj0vusyjgqEMHz1/w200-h138/tt-the%20zeppelins-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/11/tom-thomsons-clouds-zeppelins-and_24.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Clouds (The Zeppelins) of an approaching warm front with heavy snow and conditional symmetric instability at 8 pm on Thursday, April 29th, 1915 - The Weather</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Fb98OCVpvCivC00GmYX1JX03Ms8e39E08Q8lHEQKHu9MHOlBgI3YkyBo3fVgNbEs3cM7ir0HjGQ9GCXhkXCvoH2PX5084YbeYCE8eTqzRqHExfxHOHy_xFaOxXg-ie42aLIVgHoYsOozYzQG-8onQBhZ1VTJFHAozASYBea7SmOPZIk5-EZNtxfb/s1200/TT-First-Snow-in-Autumn.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="835" data-original-width="1200" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Fb98OCVpvCivC00GmYX1JX03Ms8e39E08Q8lHEQKHu9MHOlBgI3YkyBo3fVgNbEs3cM7ir0HjGQ9GCXhkXCvoH2PX5084YbeYCE8eTqzRqHExfxHOHy_xFaOxXg-ie42aLIVgHoYsOozYzQG-8onQBhZ1VTJFHAozASYBea7SmOPZIk5-EZNtxfb/w200-h139/TT-First-Snow-in-Autumn.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/11/tom-thomsons-first-snow-in-autumn-fall.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's "First Snow in Autumn", Fall 1916 - Light and fluffy snowsquall snow laden on drooping balsam fir branches</a><br /><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCGoaIcDhMCqs2o_GH2VLFkcBl9Kf_-bFYbkK89CDxEbo8AT5yB27f6cxfHLC_C7dil_e9x2kwuCBd64RfsxBjLEAkqsS6Xp5N6b3sW_mkUSpVuwrCvLZHyjnNc64KSK8-reNyW6MWbufrx8Vz93zdzilrNwrl5Hzkf8VvvITp5mmfhf9VuAUNkF5c/s1000/TT-Snow-Pillars-in-the-sky.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="801" data-original-width="1000" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCGoaIcDhMCqs2o_GH2VLFkcBl9Kf_-bFYbkK89CDxEbo8AT5yB27f6cxfHLC_C7dil_e9x2kwuCBd64RfsxBjLEAkqsS6Xp5N6b3sW_mkUSpVuwrCvLZHyjnNc64KSK8-reNyW6MWbufrx8Vz93zdzilrNwrl5Hzkf8VvvITp5mmfhf9VuAUNkF5c/w200-h160/TT-Snow-Pillars-in-the-sky.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/12/tom-thomsons-snow-pillars-in-sky-1915.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Snow Pillars in the Sky - Multiple snowsquall lines paralleling the westerly wind off Georgian Bay during an early season cold Arctic outbreak</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB2gguEwuZBe7OLv9iJA7V7sTBkIOi2t-NgoYFWUFzI-vcV7pomsu6ti6D-Hc7VVF36XWaaNN8h5YQnjU5uB_NNiPazKFYJQVjB-1xId0MJ12r7NELi2ke3QkQvO1f3obhF2QEaGyugQFwJbBx6i7TEuKdlM4dT2HeKVdRhC6smXH2RcOex5oCbnme/s1000/TT-Approaching-Snowstorm.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1000" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB2gguEwuZBe7OLv9iJA7V7sTBkIOi2t-NgoYFWUFzI-vcV7pomsu6ti6D-Hc7VVF36XWaaNN8h5YQnjU5uB_NNiPazKFYJQVjB-1xId0MJ12r7NELi2ke3QkQvO1f3obhF2QEaGyugQFwJbBx6i7TEuKdlM4dT2HeKVdRhC6smXH2RcOex5oCbnme/w200-h161/TT-Approaching-Snowstorm.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/12/tom-thomsons-approaching.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Approaching Snowstorm - actually a snowsquall as contrasted with a synoptic scale winter storm.</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh47VoIEWSDRytShOY9be1aZZMt9zLtBO9-8GhSCuHqG-fSNH2aNrek_DZMrf6xsdo_aq-WDuUAtAtQCNX5-BQgTuvnIEHyXs1LfPNg-SozWXb43739AbFJaq0Cq7btK58FjP23Xpw1iBkUqcLv-S8jyK0I5kpHpYqCFJivLxMgBDdQuAkEpbYOAmZb/s594/After-the-Sleet-Storm.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="594" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh47VoIEWSDRytShOY9be1aZZMt9zLtBO9-8GhSCuHqG-fSNH2aNrek_DZMrf6xsdo_aq-WDuUAtAtQCNX5-BQgTuvnIEHyXs1LfPNg-SozWXb43739AbFJaq0Cq7btK58FjP23Xpw1iBkUqcLv-S8jyK0I5kpHpYqCFJivLxMgBDdQuAkEpbYOAmZb/w200-h144/After-the-Sleet-Storm.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/12/tom-thomsons-after-sleet-storm-1916.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's After the Sleet Storm, 1916 - published 25 years after the 1998 Ice Storm and it brings back many personal memories.</a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlVvQjPPVcV53fF_c1TzDRPTibUJb6vURykYsLa-nzDOXQIk2H5Gs-AL4RWOCS6Dsh5QgsOQ5kecmERJJeygwPFSqf9f1FuoPdG-Ubr-_ArBBv5KuWtYyHV2D5yrIQQkHoKSkvYe5kew47sPY3ms-qL5JmglWO0xEoicEqxZMWPi9xDKzaFPa9iK9e/s1200/tt-Burnt-Land-at-Sunset.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="961" data-original-width="1200" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlVvQjPPVcV53fF_c1TzDRPTibUJb6vURykYsLa-nzDOXQIk2H5Gs-AL4RWOCS6Dsh5QgsOQ5kecmERJJeygwPFSqf9f1FuoPdG-Ubr-_ArBBv5KuWtYyHV2D5yrIQQkHoKSkvYe5kew47sPY3ms-qL5JmglWO0xEoicEqxZMWPi9xDKzaFPa9iK9e/w200-h160/tt-Burnt-Land-at-Sunset.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/01/tom-thomsons-burnt-land-at-sunset.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Burnt Land at Sunset - the dynamics of the weather was Tom's inspiration. </a><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLrlJnQzB76wc2lmrfYIO0N9MFYPkRFRy-EP0V0a7ZKGrkDgw8sGhN79xMYBEDWRuc9XpkqHujaSoOM7AIaa5fhZG1xGSY_522a_RKWXnm8qIX2u2JJKpjFdh54V1JxbsJcUxIDRAxW5GILq4MxgVL-OPORCLo0Gk3mvUytCcdHDeEAHziCmeGyNnY/s949/TT-In-Algonquin-Park-Sketch.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="777" data-original-width="949" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLrlJnQzB76wc2lmrfYIO0N9MFYPkRFRy-EP0V0a7ZKGrkDgw8sGhN79xMYBEDWRuc9XpkqHujaSoOM7AIaa5fhZG1xGSY_522a_RKWXnm8qIX2u2JJKpjFdh54V1JxbsJcUxIDRAxW5GILq4MxgVL-OPORCLo0Gk3mvUytCcdHDeEAHziCmeGyNnY/w200-h164/TT-In-Algonquin-Park-Sketch.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/01/tom-thomsons-sketch-afternoon-algonquin.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Afternoon: Algonquin Park, 1914 Plein Air Sketch - probably painted in late April 1914 while based at Camp Mowat on Canoe Lake. </a></div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji8xphhEHQVJJksPxL3tIw-e_exl3raDCL4BtpSj-85_LuztpxCErnTKuWn18SzruVZVMied6b96Tcl5kcA3NBSx3zg7NmqCgDkbEFkRQ02GmPOpNUTUQbCT_086lP7yB-yd6y_CaMqfXv33fMTWRvTrN2NgpNkwUrH-lNJidUSftrhXSjq170y00q/s995/TT-In-Algonquin-Park-Studio.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="995" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji8xphhEHQVJJksPxL3tIw-e_exl3raDCL4BtpSj-85_LuztpxCErnTKuWn18SzruVZVMied6b96Tcl5kcA3NBSx3zg7NmqCgDkbEFkRQ02GmPOpNUTUQbCT_086lP7yB-yd6y_CaMqfXv33fMTWRvTrN2NgpNkwUrH-lNJidUSftrhXSjq170y00q/w200-h156/TT-In-Algonquin-Park-Studio.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/01/tom-thomsons-studio-building-afternoon.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Afternoon: Algonquin Park, 1915 Studio Work in The Shack - Tom painted this in late November 1914 and one of his last works in the Studio Building before heading to the Shack. </a><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDLwkJq-HNHpXoHd-2ukjUFgWaL0nFcLcuQSDbwCQcSNjbSZi8gtA5o90-Ywom2OJjFkaF9vhvEilI6Rg5RnuIg8QQEYHYInLlfqkT2hI0g7vl_arA0Mpvf8GzfFXJpkFfjtTIVBO9f7FIKjN8NHHX0zbJhTQ6HJv-WvOdIdf7sMzcrklxed15unDd/s800/TT-Sketch_for_Morning_Cloud.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="800" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDLwkJq-HNHpXoHd-2ukjUFgWaL0nFcLcuQSDbwCQcSNjbSZi8gtA5o90-Ywom2OJjFkaF9vhvEilI6Rg5RnuIg8QQEYHYInLlfqkT2hI0g7vl_arA0Mpvf8GzfFXJpkFfjtTIVBO9f7FIKjN8NHHX0zbJhTQ6HJv-WvOdIdf7sMzcrklxed15unDd/w200-h141/TT-Sketch_for_Morning_Cloud.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/01/tom-thomsons-sketch-morning-cloud-1913.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's The Morning Cloud, 1913 Plein air sketch from the autumn of 1913</a>. <a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/01/tom-thomsons-sketch-morning-cloud-1913.html" target="_blank">What an unusual cloud!</a><br /><div><br /><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS2z85YIewxRZu2Iom_JGq9JOrXRi1Ko4mS_q6dt0QTkMtCBl6LiprWAyYGT0LExnNzhz8hAj-MAUGT9FovbZsp9KSkYqBvrIkzT1YL4n5AMi5nOzD2d4DUPPJTwdwIPhPDQ-2ND254rO0m0_gtKQdZuv6_fK9wdPaCv5mZwy9wDm64DKBUAekrFAm/s1028/TT-Morning-Cloud-Studio.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="1028" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS2z85YIewxRZu2Iom_JGq9JOrXRi1Ko4mS_q6dt0QTkMtCBl6LiprWAyYGT0LExnNzhz8hAj-MAUGT9FovbZsp9KSkYqBvrIkzT1YL4n5AMi5nOzD2d4DUPPJTwdwIPhPDQ-2ND254rO0m0_gtKQdZuv6_fK9wdPaCv5mZwy9wDm64DKBUAekrFAm/w200-h142/TT-Morning-Cloud-Studio.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/01/tom-thomsons-studio-morning-cloud.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Morning Cloud, 1913 Studio Version. Tom Thomson was enthralled with the atmospheric ocean as well. You can feel it in his art. Any serious Tom Thomson catalogue raisonné must include an examination of the weather displayed in his art. Otherwise, we are certainly missing his true motivation. </a><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilWZh6J3jy2XvI1Akjsv-DJPCbf7MuWn3-Fb1K6o7pG2USvC69CUXmD7QF4eRX243qORgIXjBY5ECXkW-sgaAbx_04F5-9ByKktN40thspFdzqolbi4SgxRUPNbBIiv0FshZgJt2hhALxYhBaXMwwAttLdsPmMIgadyZgXSkw1XT0GEJs8jG98Vue6/s878/Tom-Thomson-morning-painting-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="712" data-original-width="878" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilWZh6J3jy2XvI1Akjsv-DJPCbf7MuWn3-Fb1K6o7pG2USvC69CUXmD7QF4eRX243qORgIXjBY5ECXkW-sgaAbx_04F5-9ByKktN40thspFdzqolbi4SgxRUPNbBIiv0FshZgJt2hhALxYhBaXMwwAttLdsPmMIgadyZgXSkw1XT0GEJs8jG98Vue6/w200-h162/Tom-Thomson-morning-painting-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/01/tom-thomsons-morning-1915.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Morning, 1915. I suspect that Tom Thomson was a morning person. His art reveals him as a "Let's get up and make something of the day" kind of guy.</a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ocvXP9TyxwarVOAiQ6pdeeo3lmzyQgsdMyaoF9zlIRJ_8U4kYCOfbP7TjH1QFHS4hRWnznkDkw5EkNgJM60PFaRocKpOYrpAOdF2RjFWYkktLTl34SffRtd7qDjF-zCm8xx--0uNlawgymyxqCDovPQjBG4vK17QDnKRxwgV1cGATvv-diBfBEoe/s799/TT-Petwawa-Gorges-Night-painting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="799" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ocvXP9TyxwarVOAiQ6pdeeo3lmzyQgsdMyaoF9zlIRJ_8U4kYCOfbP7TjH1QFHS4hRWnznkDkw5EkNgJM60PFaRocKpOYrpAOdF2RjFWYkktLTl34SffRtd7qDjF-zCm8xx--0uNlawgymyxqCDovPQjBG4vK17QDnKRxwgV1cGATvv-diBfBEoe/w200-h159/TT-Petwawa-Gorges-Night-painting.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/02/tom-thomsons-petawawa-gorges-night-1916.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Petawawa Gorges Night 1916. The "fallout" from Creative Scene Investigation requires that "Petawawa Gorges, Night" along with the alternate titles "Sunset behind Cliff" and the "The Coming of the Night" need to be revised. The reality is that Thomson was a morning person and this painting was certainly a sunrise observation of light and shapes.</a><br /><p><br /></p><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXCWLW-Wt3nddunFQc52nEmRfvrlkrUdvqQalwDksGomEOirJYjO6eOz2BS-cNlGf9zwAyFLxlj8e6HFcPsmeyY9mp1pWvNUZqwkjp5InNlUnVRppv5vEsuzy7jkE3f6J-s0UcOjq6WXPYiz1ohpiyh_B06ppMGGZbPJrEHukBZJr0GOxt1Pa-ccF1/s949/TT-Petwawa-Gorges-Fall-painting.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="949" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXCWLW-Wt3nddunFQc52nEmRfvrlkrUdvqQalwDksGomEOirJYjO6eOz2BS-cNlGf9zwAyFLxlj8e6HFcPsmeyY9mp1pWvNUZqwkjp5InNlUnVRppv5vEsuzy7jkE3f6J-s0UcOjq6WXPYiz1ohpiyh_B06ppMGGZbPJrEHukBZJr0GOxt1Pa-ccF1/w200-h162/TT-Petwawa-Gorges-Fall-painting.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/02/tom-thomsons-petawawa-gorges-night-1916.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's Petawawa Gorges Fall 1916. These<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u> two paintings, both with "Petawawa Gorge" in their name were employed to attempt to discover the story behind each. I lament that Thomson could have saved a lot of scientific guessing if he only had jotted down a few details.</u></span><u style="color: #0000ee;"> </u></a></div><div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeBMmeP1ZDJ8PlImRiAnE3cloD_hase2SDIttrIGryhtZMDBNL0f0UHr49IrpEh5Um4fOYrfuqtnSDSlE-iKnX5w9PfDdl71RDyUFHWXHzd5WHHUWo_w3ytpCgrq70I7TCrF6uAF-6y-lhQ9gVjghNehCZy7oCFO02BMS8B5cqIcirK550HbqqK8jj/s468/The-Natch-Sunrise.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="468" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeBMmeP1ZDJ8PlImRiAnE3cloD_hase2SDIttrIGryhtZMDBNL0f0UHr49IrpEh5Um4fOYrfuqtnSDSlE-iKnX5w9PfDdl71RDyUFHWXHzd5WHHUWo_w3ytpCgrq70I7TCrF6uAF-6y-lhQ9gVjghNehCZy7oCFO02BMS8B5cqIcirK550HbqqK8jj/w200-h150/The-Natch-Sunrise.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-mcelroys-to-rescue-tom-thomsons.html" target="_blank">I recalled the work of Diana and Bob McElroy and their determined investigations while paddling in the footsteps of Tom Thomson - especially within the Petawawa Gorge. I had never stroked that waterway, so I decided to consult with the experts regarding the location of those paintings from the Petawawa. </a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg07V3dkZqD4YWSphZlt__1Fxn1TV58uliJYjK3mXT9ota62ChTA1jQpxMf4BBavjakMBox6AhvpfA4UWHqwo2OC_PeXef_mbce1aNu2azwAilGVWWNjxSXup8bQC_w02DoolIAEvIYr1IEONmNlHfY81155VmCfmZTj-MZNfcax9IrY-T0Mj-7XMXX/s703/Tom_Thomson_Islands_Canoe_Lake.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="562" data-original-width="703" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg07V3dkZqD4YWSphZlt__1Fxn1TV58uliJYjK3mXT9ota62ChTA1jQpxMf4BBavjakMBox6AhvpfA4UWHqwo2OC_PeXef_mbce1aNu2azwAilGVWWNjxSXup8bQC_w02DoolIAEvIYr1IEONmNlHfY81155VmCfmZTj-MZNfcax9IrY-T0Mj-7XMXX/w200-h160/Tom_Thomson_Islands_Canoe_Lake.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/02/tom-thomsons-islands-canoe-lake-1916.html" target="_blank">Islands, Canoe Lake, 1916. Some interesting meteorology and history. Tom Thomson spent some time at Canoe Lake in October 1916 after spending the summer being a forest fire ranger at Achray on Grand Lake. </a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9uc_PaamP7v6Eygafjuyrpehpi7Om_A8FHj5znsBS7Q2P9RR1272AYaewf1XkxMnUcMQB8ES0idNegMSi7WCUaoOlnRjfnargsfnY8plj0Wv6cCbEg0X6wfVmPOEHzqUqKWGW-vuPl9qHS-gqy2WlPGBxHVRFy4-vQEUflW4JNiy0kmLMdA8O8_m/s794/TT-Landscape-with-snow-Fall-1916.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="652" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9uc_PaamP7v6Eygafjuyrpehpi7Om_A8FHj5znsBS7Q2P9RR1272AYaewf1XkxMnUcMQB8ES0idNegMSi7WCUaoOlnRjfnargsfnY8plj0Wv6cCbEg0X6wfVmPOEHzqUqKWGW-vuPl9qHS-gqy2WlPGBxHVRFy4-vQEUflW4JNiy0kmLMdA8O8_m/w164-h200/TT-Landscape-with-snow-Fall-1916.jpg" width="164" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/03/tom-thomsons-landscape-with-snow-autumn.html" target="_blank">Landscape with Snow, 1916. Even more interesting meteorology and history.</a> The flip side of <a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/09/tom-thomsons-rising-mist-heavy-skies.html" target="_blank">Tom Thomson's “Rising Mist - Heavy Skies” Autumn 1916</a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhUgD2c5kt4I3LUrPqwEZ_51joVG-CWXv1FAj7z_Tj7gzIotq4utXEbIk1c8a9vlQCFTwsxNB0INogA-TDO_0sp_81P6s6QB3OlxRPHgCwZjSnFF2tQ6mcx6qF6LyP-INWbtVAmivPlm0wlxZ5XOy9LM43qRMjWHlDuE6hew4lhSZbYVSLtsB5EJZM/s973/Smoke-Lake-sketch-1915.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="781" data-original-width="973" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhUgD2c5kt4I3LUrPqwEZ_51joVG-CWXv1FAj7z_Tj7gzIotq4utXEbIk1c8a9vlQCFTwsxNB0INogA-TDO_0sp_81P6s6QB3OlxRPHgCwZjSnFF2tQ6mcx6qF6LyP-INWbtVAmivPlm0wlxZ5XOy9LM43qRMjWHlDuE6hew4lhSZbYVSLtsB5EJZM/w200-h161/Smoke-Lake-sketch-1915.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/03/tom-thomsons-smoke-lake-summer-1915.html" target="_blank">Smoke Lake - Summer 1915. This is another of Thomson's double-sided panels and there is a story of weather and confusion behind it. </a></div><div>The flip side of <a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/03/tom-thomsons-northern-lights.html" target="_blank">Northern Lights 1915</a>.<br /><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7SCKrOMS52yMVvRSyjgu5rRzyIjwmw6IbOHtYdzdzvSaspxhVyiHFkr_QtD-eEW3PgDpQNVockTJPq_NRJO-sd4PIXaiS28Wff3cF5ZJMLNf1NlhptEOkYmMeGPNC0rXG2G1IPZ9STF7KaAcv2y41dYWCMVj5JntOrJO2iYP8I7GMeslDNfe3bFIc/s1062/tom-thomson-northern-lights-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="837" data-original-width="1062" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7SCKrOMS52yMVvRSyjgu5rRzyIjwmw6IbOHtYdzdzvSaspxhVyiHFkr_QtD-eEW3PgDpQNVockTJPq_NRJO-sd4PIXaiS28Wff3cF5ZJMLNf1NlhptEOkYmMeGPNC0rXG2G1IPZ9STF7KaAcv2y41dYWCMVj5JntOrJO2iYP8I7GMeslDNfe3bFIc/w200-h158/tom-thomson-northern-lights-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/03/tom-thomsons-northern-lights.html" target="_blank">Northern Lights 1915</a>. The flip side of <a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/03/tom-thomsons-smoke-lake-summer-1915.html" target="_blank">Smoke Lake - Summer 1915</a>. Tom observed and recorded space weather as well. </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgloLk_JhyzoYDbe92wU-5ZPwwiAAtehEyYkeEo-BkZ0j6JAe_hlv8xSDB717hMM-qV9hC2rdVRH-gmuV5jj7ZFXREm67Jx_JikL4GQR9irwBwiqTFXoux_DBeCBTkg2Us7NCzklgzsIGYztwG2CsYro_qoHUDPbIpoK6cvSsqZRmOoscsJigTrw6pa/s599/TT-43.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="475" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgloLk_JhyzoYDbe92wU-5ZPwwiAAtehEyYkeEo-BkZ0j6JAe_hlv8xSDB717hMM-qV9hC2rdVRH-gmuV5jj7ZFXREm67Jx_JikL4GQR9irwBwiqTFXoux_DBeCBTkg2Us7NCzklgzsIGYztwG2CsYro_qoHUDPbIpoK6cvSsqZRmOoscsJigTrw6pa/w159-h200/TT-43.jpg" width="159" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/03/tom-thomsons-path-behind-mowat-lodge.html" target="_blank">Path Behind Mowat Lodge, Spring 1917, The gift to Daphne Crombie includes a lot of interesting science as well. </a><div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia2-DVWNmVKkhXRNrQ6y-58WMN1C8ohyUI86Kqxne2sK0Yd83_H6ShEKRSpsNsR2wR4hfX2KBtghBLmTeZOpnwiIqZBKSQydGgCIHj2BAVzWkijT38EYwl1wyhl_OhM2AiM7y4CtD5UpXt8uthrSbxSLPEj6WRHZu9q25iJ_rgMqAwKL-2is96qZW0/s3772/TT-44.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3002" data-original-width="3772" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia2-DVWNmVKkhXRNrQ6y-58WMN1C8ohyUI86Kqxne2sK0Yd83_H6ShEKRSpsNsR2wR4hfX2KBtghBLmTeZOpnwiIqZBKSQydGgCIHj2BAVzWkijT38EYwl1wyhl_OhM2AiM7y4CtD5UpXt8uthrSbxSLPEj6WRHZu9q25iJ_rgMqAwKL-2is96qZW0/w200-h159/TT-44.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/04/tom-thomsons-early-spring.html" target="_blank">Early Spring, 1917. One of several with very similar names but lots of interesting meteorology.</a><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdZR0Z0ck30-GrRSWWNK7OgFCpOgLMZAHEn2jcpKxOc--Q2oeJCzLJ25aaZ97Dy6EwpSzDPTq_goQvUmKLB77BZlK2RsIfCwiwNkb3kDF5PcT2Q-k2W3ghIXzzf6p5Y8dyS5sgaYA9Qjrzd86_M1X_zp1gsnVw-NR8IKNHt5N86z6NNoMk6rHIsJmx/s599/TT-Woods-in-Winter-1917.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="599" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdZR0Z0ck30-GrRSWWNK7OgFCpOgLMZAHEn2jcpKxOc--Q2oeJCzLJ25aaZ97Dy6EwpSzDPTq_goQvUmKLB77BZlK2RsIfCwiwNkb3kDF5PcT2Q-k2W3ghIXzzf6p5Y8dyS5sgaYA9Qjrzd86_M1X_zp1gsnVw-NR8IKNHt5N86z6NNoMk6rHIsJmx/w200-h142/TT-Woods-in-Winter-1917.png" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/04/tom-thomsons-woods-in-winter-1917.html" target="_blank">Woods in Winter, 1917.</a><br /><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXGKI0xSaQDXRrU7epqsHWtJ5Ghub8IitEB3at17LK2Gjy7QKySKaoKO1kh-WlkqST39WebVl29KilkfscIRKm11sbiIx8Bmkd7ZCdUwemr8Ogsa2yh0cvNlJ62KAvptgkQ6jTRxQ0Q7l-sRtTNFBgaGMv1toblxQMCKt96kpMJtGoCCE5bOqfTIOm/s256/TT-Cold%20Spring%20in%20Algonquin%20Park.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="256" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXGKI0xSaQDXRrU7epqsHWtJ5Ghub8IitEB3at17LK2Gjy7QKySKaoKO1kh-WlkqST39WebVl29KilkfscIRKm11sbiIx8Bmkd7ZCdUwemr8Ogsa2yh0cvNlJ62KAvptgkQ6jTRxQ0Q7l-sRtTNFBgaGMv1toblxQMCKt96kpMJtGoCCE5bOqfTIOm/w200-h156/TT-Cold%20Spring%20in%20Algonquin%20Park.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/04/tom-thomsons-cold-spring-in-algonquin.html" target="_blank">Cold Spring, Algonquin Park, 1917.</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguy4tmoEUZIa97ndZurdPfeWaH-YwcNjgsDsLTe3OVXyqcYazisR2zFMr398J5jt1OO3iecxTjjcqqiaTJufv-1HMbsLC2626eZ7nti5hm1ttxmuHUm5LE4cFb-5pJx9oxoThYJ6sqtKfU6XArc265FylpWrpg-apP0lHJ-pjVhhudeoscLy3TdfiL/s940/TT-51.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="940" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguy4tmoEUZIa97ndZurdPfeWaH-YwcNjgsDsLTe3OVXyqcYazisR2zFMr398J5jt1OO3iecxTjjcqqiaTJufv-1HMbsLC2626eZ7nti5hm1ttxmuHUm5LE4cFb-5pJx9oxoThYJ6sqtKfU6XArc265FylpWrpg-apP0lHJ-pjVhhudeoscLy3TdfiL/w200-h163/TT-51.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/04/tom-thomsons-spring-1917.html" target="_blank">Spring 1917.</a> An early morning warm frontal surface. <br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDsyHKd3VB6XKZ6crWT8QybFL4qKonl2EGQSPF-i1gqpU_HtyJ08ocnpusOEX_7g8gL7QQWSrcY387TF_uqTNInb2P9lolp4REUCqXUDwkBy9tpy_pGeLIY0Bp_KQKnGOKrxZYJFaw8eOk81tBok5LsyuQPLL1PFoG9c6ZhkumktYgWi1LKDDJy4pQ/s956/TT-Spring-Flood-1917.29.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="956" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDsyHKd3VB6XKZ6crWT8QybFL4qKonl2EGQSPF-i1gqpU_HtyJ08ocnpusOEX_7g8gL7QQWSrcY387TF_uqTNInb2P9lolp4REUCqXUDwkBy9tpy_pGeLIY0Bp_KQKnGOKrxZYJFaw8eOk81tBok5LsyuQPLL1PFoG9c6ZhkumktYgWi1LKDDJy4pQ/w200-h158/TT-Spring-Flood-1917.29.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/05/tom-thomsons-spring-flood-1917.html" target="_blank">Spring Flood, 1917. Quite a story. </a><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-QrIeaOWNvwgFRSORF_W8HqXppEFn2x_6RItSNhzQXtAoxXxovIjABR6nFpE0oh8vyoyDjLh7U5cawT8zL2F7FDp09iT6a9ElaxWDM8EU_onLOPJOqR5Fr0__TTIpMSj7l8XJavLSvn987niLai3rmbP3BtHO5TqXT07mtHK9LFmh5y-rbrlTZlNh/s900/spring-in-algonquin-park-tom-thomson.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="900" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-QrIeaOWNvwgFRSORF_W8HqXppEFn2x_6RItSNhzQXtAoxXxovIjABR6nFpE0oh8vyoyDjLh7U5cawT8zL2F7FDp09iT6a9ElaxWDM8EU_onLOPJOqR5Fr0__TTIpMSj7l8XJavLSvn987niLai3rmbP3BtHO5TqXT07mtHK9LFmh5y-rbrlTZlNh/w200-h163/spring-in-algonquin-park-tom-thomson.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/05/tom-thomsons-spring-in-algonquin-park.html" target="_blank">Spring in Algonquin Park, 1917. A lot of weather...</a><br /><p><br /><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBjPgJlNG_FXN6GALQUcFfYOVP-1hocWuhJNT_VBzcFujU66O6n7ehY2FFEJKwY5U9ZcZ54sY8ulfPwHHpnf6CyVv-_M6vISwWmhg7h6VLgi7tK4NNpX5n9sYR5Petzd93FH-5RC7eN5bb8ABOXGm0HaMUgzBJCz-sE3b4vC5KlYPyPjdWL8ifI_U6/s946/TT-49.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="761" data-original-width="946" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBjPgJlNG_FXN6GALQUcFfYOVP-1hocWuhJNT_VBzcFujU66O6n7ehY2FFEJKwY5U9ZcZ54sY8ulfPwHHpnf6CyVv-_M6vISwWmhg7h6VLgi7tK4NNpX5n9sYR5Petzd93FH-5RC7eN5bb8ABOXGm0HaMUgzBJCz-sE3b4vC5KlYPyPjdWL8ifI_U6/w200-h161/TT-49.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/05/tom-thomsons-open-water-joe-creek-1917.html" target="_blank">Open Water, Joe Creek 1917</a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsasw7YDOqpnSf66uUYVIJgpU70h7pqr4viN6evCTkLDw35uSMSEPyLDw2aLv3QWi7FhagO8G7H73Djmge3Zyy1BoAJ3o_KY3OlIQszUUQXaLltvVA4ItDL2wkeAi-0Xic10jf6t7KYiwPqIFl6bJNXGiIGbeSXefn2LCyJEZArdPE3sfzy_1_l204/s934/TT-Tea-Lake-Dam-1917-33.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="753" data-original-width="934" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsasw7YDOqpnSf66uUYVIJgpU70h7pqr4viN6evCTkLDw35uSMSEPyLDw2aLv3QWi7FhagO8G7H73Djmge3Zyy1BoAJ3o_KY3OlIQszUUQXaLltvVA4ItDL2wkeAi-0Xic10jf6t7KYiwPqIFl6bJNXGiIGbeSXefn2LCyJEZArdPE3sfzy_1_l204/w200-h161/TT-Tea-Lake-Dam-1917-33.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/05/tom-thomsons-tea-lake-dam-1917.html" target="_blank">Tea Lake Dam, Spring 1917</a> Multi-cell thunderstorms are also described in <a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2022/06/thunder-cloud-summer-1912.html " target="_blank">Thunder Cloud: Summer 1912</a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitpWYppA7PHcTyRRbVvPGrhzT_kSY8BUet5P31gB-o0PlLu_aD4v-qZDOoHCOvhSlJSCmNfjGrw2j5zKqMaiM5SlFACdYRkVf5XjDhxdejKmo58Q_pviYQ4lAJGHvHhcs7e1AFt2Ro_fztKL79bzGzVP8H3ktKeKCqUfH_vdGUzx8_gkqxD9P_c92x/s1202/TT-52.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="1202" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitpWYppA7PHcTyRRbVvPGrhzT_kSY8BUet5P31gB-o0PlLu_aD4v-qZDOoHCOvhSlJSCmNfjGrw2j5zKqMaiM5SlFACdYRkVf5XjDhxdejKmo58Q_pviYQ4lAJGHvHhcs7e1AFt2Ro_fztKL79bzGzVP8H3ktKeKCqUfH_vdGUzx8_gkqxD9P_c92x/w200-h166/TT-52.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/05/tom-thomsons-canoe-lake-spring-1917.html" target="_blank">Canoe Lake Spring, 1917</a> - an afternoon sketch with the centre of the low-pressure area nearby turns into much more with the assistance of Roy MacGregor<br /><div><br /><div><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeVULJCD7LsbHi1j9ksljWwtciAVM-RODfbdBm425E60j2R147Bzfs5dX6NqTbgZw7znd3X09cglGRby49Ie8k_TMC0shbvmV4uGXxthlYrUfsfK9VAIEYuyVywj2egswpif5Wl6xfGkLvtJSWaqxL__uvF40mkWm4A_O1xdXLfcaZc55M-tRYk_Mu/s1108/TT-Birches-1917.12.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="1108" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeVULJCD7LsbHi1j9ksljWwtciAVM-RODfbdBm425E60j2R147Bzfs5dX6NqTbgZw7znd3X09cglGRby49Ie8k_TMC0shbvmV4uGXxthlYrUfsfK9VAIEYuyVywj2egswpif5Wl6xfGkLvtJSWaqxL__uvF40mkWm4A_O1xdXLfcaZc55M-tRYk_Mu/w200-h139/TT-Birches-1917.12.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/06/tom-thomsons-birches-1917.html" target="_blank">Birches, 1917</a> - and the story is not about the trees.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgovCHXJHxSGBGmSfxdXrai_XNwXZVbLK_85ubokvtRFSUzg18b1WVTqcOWazdilFx6W87XgdWkh0D_UB3FEtJQSerqbQ06wJXWbZ3AWqVpYW3vN3xYy23wfzUKxbgJrVv4wTpMNLrs53SSsk8niMrHY7qxzIV-sMygM3sbDzAJ9KVyavwx3wuKNRrn/s1200/TT-54.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="968" data-original-width="1200" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgovCHXJHxSGBGmSfxdXrai_XNwXZVbLK_85ubokvtRFSUzg18b1WVTqcOWazdilFx6W87XgdWkh0D_UB3FEtJQSerqbQ06wJXWbZ3AWqVpYW3vN3xYy23wfzUKxbgJrVv4wTpMNLrs53SSsk8niMrHY7qxzIV-sMygM3sbDzAJ9KVyavwx3wuKNRrn/w200-h161/TT-54.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/06/tom-thomsons-lowery-dicksons-cabin-1917.html" target="_blank">Lowery Dickson's Cabin 1917. Daphne was wearing the white hat but the meteorology is even more interesting.</a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMH2ouY6v763lZ6myb8J3RlvV2Y9qxsLNcIY966gUDUpQB1bLDD3KNRVVd05Cq4D8t1Z9E6b42k56RQDL7k0-UM2JzqQfq8pTFys42LqfGkRnywVRDsMRtpUrMkMg8du3YRgwkUR6Y9bm2CnvrEkbCRQJh682VlpxEo3734Ou2ijbVIXJfjQneBex/s2000/TT-55.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1618" data-original-width="2000" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMH2ouY6v763lZ6myb8J3RlvV2Y9qxsLNcIY966gUDUpQB1bLDD3KNRVVd05Cq4D8t1Z9E6b42k56RQDL7k0-UM2JzqQfq8pTFys42LqfGkRnywVRDsMRtpUrMkMg8du3YRgwkUR6Y9bm2CnvrEkbCRQJh682VlpxEo3734Ou2ijbVIXJfjQneBex/w200-h162/TT-55.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/06/tom-thomsons-rapids-spring-1917.html" target="_blank">The Rapids Spring 1917 </a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimqnH3OT_Fyoo8WcGLrUZEYSevxto4YWp7e9RNh8pC2SP8YBzU_o3ALNPFTNno4t2Gwptj50djDJR7siydyuJzKkCBPBNpmUblyQFwmlYOjbOtN9aTE8fbJ0qC8bO7YHh4wKUOiCAG_hY3KDwhvZEShYMWKwe9MtS4VN7usR2EksPlb2StQffgKG6u/s995/TT-56.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="995" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimqnH3OT_Fyoo8WcGLrUZEYSevxto4YWp7e9RNh8pC2SP8YBzU_o3ALNPFTNno4t2Gwptj50djDJR7siydyuJzKkCBPBNpmUblyQFwmlYOjbOtN9aTE8fbJ0qC8bO7YHh4wKUOiCAG_hY3KDwhvZEShYMWKwe9MtS4VN7usR2EksPlb2StQffgKG6u/w200-h158/TT-56.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/06/tom-thomsons-spring-break-up-spring-1917.html" target="_blank">Spring Break-up Spring 1917</a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOVQ9Cvy-VdvOBgao6k-UZQIcfMAGI-L0v1s3Yn3dH_qb_gN8J7NoFjgKcCE84fQJBasrBR22t8s8k6I5AsyubmunBZBZJ1jzz6qkMrdXVuhpXKiinPUT1AF30D5NM0yjzYqCxKphf18l-R9wkdhfeNJMxnJECFu-V6Wt2LRZOhDJ5GKW9-8vnxuhW/s996/TT-57.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="791" data-original-width="996" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOVQ9Cvy-VdvOBgao6k-UZQIcfMAGI-L0v1s3Yn3dH_qb_gN8J7NoFjgKcCE84fQJBasrBR22t8s8k6I5AsyubmunBZBZJ1jzz6qkMrdXVuhpXKiinPUT1AF30D5NM0yjzYqCxKphf18l-R9wkdhfeNJMxnJECFu-V6Wt2LRZOhDJ5GKW9-8vnxuhW/w200-h159/TT-57.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/06/tom-thomsons-northern-lake-early-winter.html" target="_blank">Northern Lake, Early Winter Spring 1917</a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/07/tom-thomsons-early-spring-1917_14.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">Early Spring 1917</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGeKqzd3gMPSDbF5NnJLw3rpNLUhrDOjm9WmgmXxAXVijXeRMt0ZhBB3w6mK7zEf9XTbmo-89A8q3rc1KTo01k9H0aEIYZ6jzU9lU0Iww2kVpDcR6LG8RjpYO1jFH_9UCsGvZIKjToKiOc6GkqCw6x9EXNdupndFQ8XKx4X05TKISRNpeFKKHJ261VsBc/s979/TT-58.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="979" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGeKqzd3gMPSDbF5NnJLw3rpNLUhrDOjm9WmgmXxAXVijXeRMt0ZhBB3w6mK7zEf9XTbmo-89A8q3rc1KTo01k9H0aEIYZ6jzU9lU0Iww2kVpDcR6LG8RjpYO1jFH_9UCsGvZIKjToKiOc6GkqCw6x9EXNdupndFQ8XKx4X05TKISRNpeFKKHJ261VsBc/w200-h159/TT-58.jpg" width="200" /> </a></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUclmsW6caTBeYGLwqzy9IDJ0eTFGcnWxpMHmPy3tGlkg9iOwCf26wcGYf4-_hQ36AQz85DRWrPS4ZA_2GaaV0oP75hd8md6VktCePd6B0P1X44LQ1xysSYxx4wYZB580wvHpYdlesJWTQ0LXa8HBGRyl_X0QIsfCVHVEWEATtcVKmc10bjxXeoJy/s1030/TT-59.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="806" data-original-width="1030" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUclmsW6caTBeYGLwqzy9IDJ0eTFGcnWxpMHmPy3tGlkg9iOwCf26wcGYf4-_hQ36AQz85DRWrPS4ZA_2GaaV0oP75hd8md6VktCePd6B0P1X44LQ1xysSYxx4wYZB580wvHpYdlesJWTQ0LXa8HBGRyl_X0QIsfCVHVEWEATtcVKmc10bjxXeoJy/w200-h156/TT-59.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/07/tom-thomsons-april-in-algonquin-park.html" target="_blank">April in Algonquin Park Spring 1917 </a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPZ-8_K4FvS_rwr-eqGo12Pnf595vBLUZDHPqvKCmhYzMdUAq4qaFkusk3W-Qru-N30xGQ0lZrnv-3FJ8lOQ5w-4dDfaC7Rj_l5LwGwP0aqUoyz1OZBAlkHbcPkpSvCzvRCffUcosblxhdtz8oZgpYEg9BrqziqvHAntfYwsoiBk1Gmwu0o-SWuQlx/s1087/TT-60.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="876" data-original-width="1087" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPZ-8_K4FvS_rwr-eqGo12Pnf595vBLUZDHPqvKCmhYzMdUAq4qaFkusk3W-Qru-N30xGQ0lZrnv-3FJ8lOQ5w-4dDfaC7Rj_l5LwGwP0aqUoyz1OZBAlkHbcPkpSvCzvRCffUcosblxhdtz8oZgpYEg9BrqziqvHAntfYwsoiBk1Gmwu0o-SWuQlx/w200-h161/TT-60.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/07/tom-thomsons-early-spring-1917_14.html" target="_blank">Early Spring Alternate title: Spring Ice and Birches Spring 1917</a> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifWFI5EcIOhHum2TrGOoiQVjT88P6A5izcG5dPcQcsssO8pgfkUH-ot2HlQAOV0lJvNHF-IfpSLvxTfwsQNbEQmGXNvYu3Zha3OGiPbkIiWEM7JuYMH0mi3oULmEwaQRK8zooNZ7TTdR34XCMmfu8ApgHt-gzN4rcACSMRvAk8B6QLQiNQs-PVQqHN/s994/TT-61.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="994" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifWFI5EcIOhHum2TrGOoiQVjT88P6A5izcG5dPcQcsssO8pgfkUH-ot2HlQAOV0lJvNHF-IfpSLvxTfwsQNbEQmGXNvYu3Zha3OGiPbkIiWEM7JuYMH0mi3oULmEwaQRK8zooNZ7TTdR34XCMmfu8ApgHt-gzN4rcACSMRvAk8B6QLQiNQs-PVQqHN/w200-h162/TT-61.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/07/tom-thomsons-early-spring-canoe-lake.html" target="_blank">Early Spring, Canoe Lake Spring 1917</a> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijO7ji-iMBcOu50DSM7qZfGnfpn8exiGz6rhXDk9tCakPlI1r5QGGWGJkbc3D3gGxmzcQIptyHCOyfB5HB9HR0SxihCFMcQSiQNP1vVuMXcjTPvQvzcxqEYK7S3lyO8KZLOCwUCa4owG4RaEESEM907kxt0JDQ1yemnf5QMFRI9IpdMmmDMNW8l1cJ/s1143/TT-62.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="1143" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijO7ji-iMBcOu50DSM7qZfGnfpn8exiGz6rhXDk9tCakPlI1r5QGGWGJkbc3D3gGxmzcQIptyHCOyfB5HB9HR0SxihCFMcQSiQNP1vVuMXcjTPvQvzcxqEYK7S3lyO8KZLOCwUCa4owG4RaEESEM907kxt0JDQ1yemnf5QMFRI9IpdMmmDMNW8l1cJ/w200-h141/TT-62.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/07/tom-thomsons-winter-thaw-spring-1917.html" target="_blank">Winter Thaw Spring 1917</a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYqPpNXgBgxDVunx7odfFtxpuDekoIxTyVX1XdazqG_MBm1FETd63vdVdurqOJxnx__l2d2vNnRvI_mUd9VUZQ5ACI80RlYokYUdXW54zUlX-6dZHC9PTXX2cU4jnSmI1ItYl-QFadxg9c67CTkfQLSFJFMcNsX9FVtfn3N8i5ptXWm4J75MICf43sn2s/s1142/TT-63.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="805" data-original-width="1142" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYqPpNXgBgxDVunx7odfFtxpuDekoIxTyVX1XdazqG_MBm1FETd63vdVdurqOJxnx__l2d2vNnRvI_mUd9VUZQ5ACI80RlYokYUdXW54zUlX-6dZHC9PTXX2cU4jnSmI1ItYl-QFadxg9c67CTkfQLSFJFMcNsX9FVtfn3N8i5ptXWm4J75MICf43sn2s/w200-h141/TT-63.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/08/tom-thomsons-birches-spring-1917.html" target="_blank">Birches Spring 1917</a> On a 6x8 inch scrap of wood from an orange crate... </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtYTnRozJxoXKxzHRa2JuISQVDqcWcwu3adiAF1KDzkq71DGDZzRJ63cDy06rufFrugms6n06uGuxSzG0BaX8K-i3EVzDO7MX9mBTl9K9WebDO2kCkhO10szyd-9TtCqnQR3S5dkOpQkyP0c3yPZA5CJdm8hC8xQZKbRPbkcFhKUnJcGjLpbAmJpRLpNA/s1449/TT-64-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1449" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtYTnRozJxoXKxzHRa2JuISQVDqcWcwu3adiAF1KDzkq71DGDZzRJ63cDy06rufFrugms6n06uGuxSzG0BaX8K-i3EVzDO7MX9mBTl9K9WebDO2kCkhO10szyd-9TtCqnQR3S5dkOpQkyP0c3yPZA5CJdm8hC8xQZKbRPbkcFhKUnJcGjLpbAmJpRLpNA/w200-h166/TT-64-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/08/tom-thomsons-moonlight-over-canoe-lake.html" target="_blank">Moonlight Over Canoe Lake 1916</a> A tremendous amount of science in this plein air panel...<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_jK-he1RHms5gwR94yzZCjeVhIEAkg_sOvapUup-6tqr7r6kwhfi4E66MRS5b3MwYYN7sL-tG0pMn-J9dnxS8o_3b9FGxZYXXv1S5YF8Ke1DuPd0AQeTh-dcp2Y4NmC4nHmXW-UYs7ymAWpnL571Sus_4Gibrt1gYOTPKmFNDaMV2sIzkhCR3GHr4lCI/s987/TT-65.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="798" data-original-width="987" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_jK-he1RHms5gwR94yzZCjeVhIEAkg_sOvapUup-6tqr7r6kwhfi4E66MRS5b3MwYYN7sL-tG0pMn-J9dnxS8o_3b9FGxZYXXv1S5YF8Ke1DuPd0AQeTh-dcp2Y4NmC4nHmXW-UYs7ymAWpnL571Sus_4Gibrt1gYOTPKmFNDaMV2sIzkhCR3GHr4lCI/w200-h162/TT-65.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/08/tom-thomsons-sunset-spring-1916.html" target="_blank">Sunset Spring 1916 ... the view may not be what you think it is! </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_b4Zi84bWorlwg8AlmglNmDZYcNZZPnhMkalJqgo5ex6fUGwL7RvNN1UK1JmOYwAFIA5-6wy44T9b7L6pA1Io2BWOiRIbYeevW0bOHlU9vin4h9cH_9yhqvmLxxEXNUHftuHxOSP861OzSIpOWq7K3Iq-zwIQyXGKU216VflFUiSdQNBlE4Xw5Ic1Xpo/s983/TT-66.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="983" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_b4Zi84bWorlwg8AlmglNmDZYcNZZPnhMkalJqgo5ex6fUGwL7RvNN1UK1JmOYwAFIA5-6wy44T9b7L6pA1Io2BWOiRIbYeevW0bOHlU9vin4h9cH_9yhqvmLxxEXNUHftuHxOSP861OzSIpOWq7K3Iq-zwIQyXGKU216VflFUiSdQNBlE4Xw5Ic1Xpo/w200-h161/TT-66.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/08/tom-thomsons-spring-sunset-algonquin.html" target="_blank">Spring Sunset, Algonquin Park Spring 1916 also holds some surprises... this story was never told.</a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgbDA5xeSaKYDdSD_Mso_o23lvQIQqUoJiqnUfOlvj3GEFo0Pjl9TzTmFjYLguM8UhPGTXXoSaqc--MftfgEdivcDWGfg6Tm2RGyPsL7ZIuQgPu6GmkL30h4e6l4NxUfgUjL6nyijByTS4nWbVr2ydHUrFIufQQH8Y3W339aBUQecuIuz2G1U2km7914/s982/TT-67-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="982" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgbDA5xeSaKYDdSD_Mso_o23lvQIQqUoJiqnUfOlvj3GEFo0Pjl9TzTmFjYLguM8UhPGTXXoSaqc--MftfgEdivcDWGfg6Tm2RGyPsL7ZIuQgPu6GmkL30h4e6l4NxUfgUjL6nyijByTS4nWbVr2ydHUrFIufQQH8Y3W339aBUQecuIuz2G1U2km7914/w200-h161/TT-67-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/09/tom-thomsons-spring-algonquin-park.html" target="_blank">Spring, Algonquin Park, Spring 1916 - quite a story of a ravaged landscape</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9IroB4eA_UHrFgX8Dtr0AZ6sPe9VS5CNZdgMYGf5FhJMZLh0ok34MhZK8mGjeMobqxV8KURAct-MrP0dpgEWVb6Vi-cAj53P5AxGuIPBUzQehhTqGZ4hzlVgXP4Jd-9LRMXep8s3RmiuiU4bgQDAEWA_sk5-dfupJNSpsppc3OlwdJlKABCHiQ6m3pOU/s300/TT-68.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="300" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9IroB4eA_UHrFgX8Dtr0AZ6sPe9VS5CNZdgMYGf5FhJMZLh0ok34MhZK8mGjeMobqxV8KURAct-MrP0dpgEWVb6Vi-cAj53P5AxGuIPBUzQehhTqGZ4hzlVgXP4Jd-9LRMXep8s3RmiuiU4bgQDAEWA_sk5-dfupJNSpsppc3OlwdJlKABCHiQ6m3pOU/w200-h159/TT-68.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/09/tom-thomsons-ice-reflections-spring-1916.html" target="_blank">Ice Reflections, Spring 1916 - more than meets the eye in this plein air panel</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibNj2Pd9EZtoA6IcED7mn_hsYCclW3FrNrMPmDy2z5N5aoI5nSC3PysZZ7d41siBDwA0fMVZATe7Kjz6WRAVvJb_vSvNYZJZ4gLlHPLFwzsQGMHgkGqpLBCBubsnFeG7BSgDWwXJ3oLdeBGxk6HTaRqr8Ofo5elq0Wy36Tr3leh5951NqQnV1mupWVW0A/s319/TT-69.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="319" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibNj2Pd9EZtoA6IcED7mn_hsYCclW3FrNrMPmDy2z5N5aoI5nSC3PysZZ7d41siBDwA0fMVZATe7Kjz6WRAVvJb_vSvNYZJZ4gLlHPLFwzsQGMHgkGqpLBCBubsnFeG7BSgDWwXJ3oLdeBGxk6HTaRqr8Ofo5elq0Wy36Tr3leh5951NqQnV1mupWVW0A/w200-h158/TT-69.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/09/science-tuesday-with-tom-thomsons-marsh.html" target="_blank">The Marsh, Early Spring 1916 - a challenge to place the location but not in the weather.</a><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5_O2baLTlcAlxIP7f3BLaHcQ2OzPMUfbuOwMTvn2_sRLmiIWTo92K_DBPlULvW7sL6onv62sZj1G9nqDxOBblEcnGn_N14EmfCj7s9A29fX2gDvoSj5z7BRxtk4PZdwYWnvhvi0HVkESxBqQNE_WOQ4j80T2Yl9yfnX-n2OjwOaz5lzgnT0XMxkF4HQM/s1000/TT-70.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="801" data-original-width="1000" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5_O2baLTlcAlxIP7f3BLaHcQ2OzPMUfbuOwMTvn2_sRLmiIWTo92K_DBPlULvW7sL6onv62sZj1G9nqDxOBblEcnGn_N14EmfCj7s9A29fX2gDvoSj5z7BRxtk4PZdwYWnvhvi0HVkESxBqQNE_WOQ4j80T2Yl9yfnX-n2OjwOaz5lzgnT0XMxkF4HQM/w200-h160/TT-70.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/09/tom-thomsons-canoe-lake-algonquin-park.html" target="_blank">Canoe Lake, Algonquin Park, 1915. This painting was early spring and not summer. Tom would likely be fishing all summer anyway. </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWmbggvMPSCLeF3F9Gpc0GMXNuPHULnbMl2FA-c7B-yFDzyn4R0b_NPN9WZ3T0NfR9tLhS4UrnvAEkqSSyEv9PgJl_hEpPU_ShEafO4Q6pHPQ6FBofqfPyWMmu0kG9VHdE8KNW9jUhv9YQBI6gQDn8zBTis_G5RdOYi4yf4wCQWu5qBIKAZ636tzGZKSo/s250/TT-71.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="202" data-original-width="250" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWmbggvMPSCLeF3F9Gpc0GMXNuPHULnbMl2FA-c7B-yFDzyn4R0b_NPN9WZ3T0NfR9tLhS4UrnvAEkqSSyEv9PgJl_hEpPU_ShEafO4Q6pHPQ6FBofqfPyWMmu0kG9VHdE8KNW9jUhv9YQBI6gQDn8zBTis_G5RdOYi4yf4wCQWu5qBIKAZ636tzGZKSo/w200-h162/TT-71.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/09/tom-thomsons-sunset-summer-1915.html" target="_blank">Sunset, Summer 1915. There is a lot of science in this painting and it was a spring sunrise (not sunset) painted around May 24th, 1915...</a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNOE-7bvivgliFusnZzi7PGrFO57-BTBsF_f5_OxeYeUCw8rzN67gYkJBk0RoRwHcbPLETTE5vUdm1xpToUSiy_0-lPUXs8zfZ6vLW0ffWeg9B25b-rp2idpHb-0w0vK1rAtJLh7quZsUZNyDV4-2-xBPwAI2Hi_h-z2w7lqNG7eQkk3ASeNLYtojOMUs/s250/TT-73.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="204" data-original-width="250" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNOE-7bvivgliFusnZzi7PGrFO57-BTBsF_f5_OxeYeUCw8rzN67gYkJBk0RoRwHcbPLETTE5vUdm1xpToUSiy_0-lPUXs8zfZ6vLW0ffWeg9B25b-rp2idpHb-0w0vK1rAtJLh7quZsUZNyDV4-2-xBPwAI2Hi_h-z2w7lqNG7eQkk3ASeNLYtojOMUs/w200-h163/TT-73.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/10/tom-thomsons-sunset-sky-summer-1915.html" target="_blank">Sunset Sky, Summer 1915 was indeed a sunset but was observed in the spring. </a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9O1k00n_3XH3v69LJMP2hJ4IATKZTznHVVWeWWPvkGm5JxF9rVH6aeFPaY3KgN2tbUt3wwE3OjqMxrIiu4MEpRKELEZNx2JfLpcLv38WdUpWMxleRO_46yq3jJWMI9aBa6j9_0aStqcvxL5y2SKoqknfWHxHhnlY2F2XQrJmNZokBwd6lhbb3VTPPfcY/s300/TT-75.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="300" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9O1k00n_3XH3v69LJMP2hJ4IATKZTznHVVWeWWPvkGm5JxF9rVH6aeFPaY3KgN2tbUt3wwE3OjqMxrIiu4MEpRKELEZNx2JfLpcLv38WdUpWMxleRO_46yq3jJWMI9aBa6j9_0aStqcvxL5y2SKoqknfWHxHhnlY2F2XQrJmNZokBwd6lhbb3VTPPfcY/w200-h163/TT-75.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/10/tom-thomsons-sunset-sky-spring-1915.html" target="_blank">Sunset Sky, Spring 1915 was a spring painting but was actually a sunrise.</a> This post has been years in the making and I have never included it in a “Tom Thomson was a Weatherman “ presentation. The last two posts lead to this one - a trio if not a quartet of skyscapes within a single event. <br /><div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjifgu00wX3N-ip3YQI-fpI9BNp8lt-3BpeMyXbFDO7y3vyCIs0I1uNvYcbR5hCIiER84QxOtirVYFB0Fjh-7O06DK9J38quRrbGpn2k468Pyl9SHmeuq-I2Mfg0biVXnh3k4KJeOWvkEx-yC3qCMfu1cIUMP1ugbiQrUt6kzapgsPqPHhDzA23dHEekmk/s250/TT-72.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="250" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjifgu00wX3N-ip3YQI-fpI9BNp8lt-3BpeMyXbFDO7y3vyCIs0I1uNvYcbR5hCIiER84QxOtirVYFB0Fjh-7O06DK9J38quRrbGpn2k468Pyl9SHmeuq-I2Mfg0biVXnh3k4KJeOWvkEx-yC3qCMfu1cIUMP1ugbiQrUt6kzapgsPqPHhDzA23dHEekmk/w200-h162/TT-72.jpg" width="200" /></a><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_VfojanIFMZIhQdqwqbF4SgL6EIKD468hwQzDiB6KYDdG1XxPLrtaD-tYCCXAfv8rbte7gsbT-9nw5n3XBAfTXHw4vxqk8soEnVYKlLOGPPifTg7qel-Us2DAO_9Vshb6_2ImVqVtAuPLWRovRulNxMsqB37tWBlNyQtZr5wDOPBwUCuYWloOynvdax0/s300/TT-74.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="300" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_VfojanIFMZIhQdqwqbF4SgL6EIKD468hwQzDiB6KYDdG1XxPLrtaD-tYCCXAfv8rbte7gsbT-9nw5n3XBAfTXHw4vxqk8soEnVYKlLOGPPifTg7qel-Us2DAO_9Vshb6_2ImVqVtAuPLWRovRulNxMsqB37tWBlNyQtZr5wDOPBwUCuYWloOynvdax0/w200-h159/TT-74.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/10/tom-thomsons-burnt-area-with-ragged.html" target="_blank">Burnt Area with Ragged Rocks, Spring 1915.</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/11/tom-thomsons-morning-algonquin-park.html" target="_blank">Morning, Algonquin Park, Spring 1915</a>. It was a dark and stormy morning at Canoe Lake that spring morning in 1915 when a cold front was crossing Mowat.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGUnBRoijlULHhig7aEr-8bdjQxuraolGvnJdcsJ8BlZwwnZe7jCI2d1MEN7GeLWeewhQ2n6XtYzmpXR_tKtszNJ3z1Hu-C7YSnpVdBiPy8E4aUzNQq85xt2HSnQ6f4yOysZ1bMZ_agfJYnRd_LsaJeawubxT7Vzuhp2Ej5g4ttSDulaaaW9FpSEuVM7g/s892/TT-76.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="892" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGUnBRoijlULHhig7aEr-8bdjQxuraolGvnJdcsJ8BlZwwnZe7jCI2d1MEN7GeLWeewhQ2n6XtYzmpXR_tKtszNJ3z1Hu-C7YSnpVdBiPy8E4aUzNQq85xt2HSnQ6f4yOysZ1bMZ_agfJYnRd_LsaJeawubxT7Vzuhp2Ej5g4ttSDulaaaW9FpSEuVM7g/w200-h164/TT-76.jpg" width="200" /></a></div></div><div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/11/tom-thomsons-ragged-pine-1916.html" target="_blank">Ragged Pine, Spring 1916.</a> Actually a black spruce but that is only the tip of the true story. <br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCZtEy3HI2tPzGF3bbKOgJaQS7l_tAlVcplkdQTARleoC_fLFi4HSl7jAFPAUItezzJvLGV2tFyit0-TMy1WfSDXz7JrwmAxJGEZlm3wGW0oDJvRQ8eiu6Pnvs7hnjf1Kn4h-4GEPw-XMmqwL1xIM4Uoud1LnKVSDcXiOVteGq0qOVZb8ls_BlSG8h1Tc/s990/TT-77.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="809" data-original-width="990" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCZtEy3HI2tPzGF3bbKOgJaQS7l_tAlVcplkdQTARleoC_fLFi4HSl7jAFPAUItezzJvLGV2tFyit0-TMy1WfSDXz7JrwmAxJGEZlm3wGW0oDJvRQ8eiu6Pnvs7hnjf1Kn4h-4GEPw-XMmqwL1xIM4Uoud1LnKVSDcXiOVteGq0qOVZb8ls_BlSG8h1Tc/w200-h163/TT-77.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/11/tom-thomsons-rocky-shore-and-sky-summer.html" target="_blank">Rocky Shore and Sky Summer 1915 </a> The foreground was the devasted shore of Canoe Lake left behind by the forest industry.. lost habitats. The sky was full of interesting science!</div></div><div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZOTriXpjdofyGQb_ELzzDeLLrjnj1z8IZXeh6SRK3Uq23RqRs9noBTzmhHA_xeGi34wubFlIQx6b_yN4MSucbfFte28ywk8xH39WYz8b-c8wCJ3W7JibQ35fUKrOdvwXBzNbTAYPCMopvPgvXcLlttuDOj6IIzlEtuddSc1M_2ZI74fvzzV0qgVgx2EA/s1000/TT-78.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="784" data-original-width="1000" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZOTriXpjdofyGQb_ELzzDeLLrjnj1z8IZXeh6SRK3Uq23RqRs9noBTzmhHA_xeGi34wubFlIQx6b_yN4MSucbfFte28ywk8xH39WYz8b-c8wCJ3W7JibQ35fUKrOdvwXBzNbTAYPCMopvPgvXcLlttuDOj6IIzlEtuddSc1M_2ZI74fvzzV0qgVgx2EA/w200-h157/TT-78.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/11/tom-thomsons-hot-summer-moonlight.html" target="_blank">Hot Summer Moonlight Summer 1915</a>. Actually, a view overlooking Grand Lake from Achray possibly at 9 pm on May 11th, 1916... The waxing quarter moon spread the glow over the choppy waters of Grand Lake while a spring storm approached. And the story was recorded in Tom's brushstrokes. </div></div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN1JkHMZuXpT-E-7L79yrpCJiR7a6g-GVcHvaP-pIuFLOFRw2LIQqo_LDEmImdG0-4mtM9w07RmKQ94koJFOloL5oESkS-Iz9_1O-sblXrNFVoVyNbH1UglJtwCjZSyfZF3qmAP40DVvTtN52PDMvD-O3HZbNZKnhYOK0ce2IiUlGoj4-Rc5Q2iMWxDyk/s1019/TT-79.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="783" data-original-width="1019" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN1JkHMZuXpT-E-7L79yrpCJiR7a6g-GVcHvaP-pIuFLOFRw2LIQqo_LDEmImdG0-4mtM9w07RmKQ94koJFOloL5oESkS-Iz9_1O-sblXrNFVoVyNbH1UglJtwCjZSyfZF3qmAP40DVvTtN52PDMvD-O3HZbNZKnhYOK0ce2IiUlGoj4-Rc5Q2iMWxDyk/w200-h154/TT-79.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/12/tom-thomsons-sunset-by-lake.html" target="_blank">Sunset by Lake Alternate title: Sunset Summer 1915</a> Quite the back story behind this painting... </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfyOCE4tqytiDpoq69wBbM6rbZhMIviS6HESY99ZAlHEU8DBzcpbeqEwLXzM4YaK5yhGdS3_Af_rs1ZuzkgcoYJ5w6VHiJVyOyzByim-g-un9cgEc-krEt2JKaUzbnYgkcqBkUPpIZZ7BVEWKT6GHIfDe-zDOJJeTpEvflsJI76cqeoLBWsZCUTNe0ziM/s999/TT-80.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="796" data-original-width="999" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfyOCE4tqytiDpoq69wBbM6rbZhMIviS6HESY99ZAlHEU8DBzcpbeqEwLXzM4YaK5yhGdS3_Af_rs1ZuzkgcoYJ5w6VHiJVyOyzByim-g-un9cgEc-krEt2JKaUzbnYgkcqBkUPpIZZ7BVEWKT6GHIfDe-zDOJJeTpEvflsJI76cqeoLBWsZCUTNe0ziM/w200-h159/TT-80.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/12/tom-thomsons-blue-clouds-wooded-hills.html" target="_blank">Blue Clouds, Wooded Hills, and Marshes Summer 1915</a>. Science Tuesday shines a new light on this painting... perhaps from 1916. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMHfM69AVCvCi_fzRFNpiZWzbMHRNI41ERMgsoMkRghmRXzFugImA-36sIZnlFSXkDvJ18Vh_RFFqnb_9DuMjvnlCv1Vb6xsyuNXRQsxSwLKkWEKFZ4jz2jEBPjnsGn2ekh1B19_8S-xp-abfWr7U7IkcuWpPDDhiaRn0DNqCmDvJO9j1bzW7GJ52Hag/s1002/TT-81.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="1002" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMHfM69AVCvCi_fzRFNpiZWzbMHRNI41ERMgsoMkRghmRXzFugImA-36sIZnlFSXkDvJ18Vh_RFFqnb_9DuMjvnlCv1Vb6xsyuNXRQsxSwLKkWEKFZ4jz2jEBPjnsGn2ekh1B19_8S-xp-abfWr7U7IkcuWpPDDhiaRn0DNqCmDvJO9j1bzW7GJ52Hag/w200-h160/TT-81.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/12/tom-thomsons-stormy-sky-summer-1915.html" target="_blank">Stormy Sky Summer 1915</a>. Actually a split cold front mid-morning in spring. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMu8YxOAPTwQC0JwYEn9X0vuWLfeT2rI6YiwnNhDUy4Fte9Qm7t3xJU8j086rWULNK90B_4YrIMyOi0PhLNZVu30bHYXFLPFcdnjP4siJ0cjgjYrUdqvABbCy7KxIWm4CHrggelCyq6EKEmkvrpgOGt3bZfmT8lyorrEDlUW4vHMAR_3-a7j3G41q_vts/s887/TT-82.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="887" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMu8YxOAPTwQC0JwYEn9X0vuWLfeT2rI6YiwnNhDUy4Fte9Qm7t3xJU8j086rWULNK90B_4YrIMyOi0PhLNZVu30bHYXFLPFcdnjP4siJ0cjgjYrUdqvABbCy7KxIWm4CHrggelCyq6EKEmkvrpgOGt3bZfmT8lyorrEDlUW4vHMAR_3-a7j3G41q_vts/w200-h162/TT-82.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/12/tom-thomsons-fire-swept-hills-1915.html" target="_blank">Fire-Swept Hills Summer or Fall 1915.</a> Long-range Forecast: Continuing hot and dry for the rest of the 21st "<i>Century of Fire</i>". <br /><div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeFvjBHZ17g8wCqfDXRDNI31ZjFchOqcYmQZSndzY-etLqkmSXd5myi8H1IhuKWio1goO2JNdZv0tc_J_OsStr2dd5oALSeOZY3c6HaQC6pDfyKKjRqjBt-dbymEuW8Hb_0NYinV8Kwc71v2UzMBk7teG57KbPjbhh89gB20ek4JioIn00cb1bHH_pGCM/s921/TT-83.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="921" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeFvjBHZ17g8wCqfDXRDNI31ZjFchOqcYmQZSndzY-etLqkmSXd5myi8H1IhuKWio1goO2JNdZv0tc_J_OsStr2dd5oALSeOZY3c6HaQC6pDfyKKjRqjBt-dbymEuW8Hb_0NYinV8Kwc71v2UzMBk7teG57KbPjbhh89gB20ek4JioIn00cb1bHH_pGCM/w200-h161/TT-83.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2024/01/tom-thomsons-ragged-lake-1915.html" target="_blank">Ragged Lake</a> Alternate titles: Northern Lake; Ragged Creek Fall 1915</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjpLxB2wu8aeUiUQxZ-tvaZYrtkuAGfrormlBFo8kmqZ2bhps2QBalrDcjVJbH2gRE5i9-Uua4nqa1PQUCU5gDd-gUJ9yXV3Iqorejh3H9afXiWne1ShesofedJtMz3633sXsm1_GUankn0V0gQtP5KK1pL2rUL_zbwdiZmh3VYeOusuNtlcMxKxbTWKo/s862/TT-84.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="692" data-original-width="862" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjpLxB2wu8aeUiUQxZ-tvaZYrtkuAGfrormlBFo8kmqZ2bhps2QBalrDcjVJbH2gRE5i9-Uua4nqa1PQUCU5gDd-gUJ9yXV3Iqorejh3H9afXiWne1ShesofedJtMz3633sXsm1_GUankn0V0gQtP5KK1pL2rUL_zbwdiZmh3VYeOusuNtlcMxKxbTWKo/w200-h161/TT-84.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2024/01/tom-thomsons-autumn-clouds-fall-1915.html" target="_blank">Autumn Clouds Fall 1915</a> Dynamic cloud shaped by the wind bathed in the light of sunset tell an intriguing story of science and the weather.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEa5WzJuP3Biwjt61FcjSIy8yEkZOf-peFRjyEWzWl-Ai_rUP46zJUjaaeWfErBNn5g8iJ9WJHegpJ_V4QQYEqIJ7tDRNZZ7f77jJzDFn0YguxELSSTUn0Zz31jVVhQlzheDspM_DvoxJWWo0S6o1SpGb8qAEUvPo68VWZ4yGH9bpMWHIBvNaiB1J28p0/s786/TT-85.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="786" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEa5WzJuP3Biwjt61FcjSIy8yEkZOf-peFRjyEWzWl-Ai_rUP46zJUjaaeWfErBNn5g8iJ9WJHegpJ_V4QQYEqIJ7tDRNZZ7f77jJzDFn0YguxELSSTUn0Zz31jVVhQlzheDspM_DvoxJWWo0S6o1SpGb8qAEUvPo68VWZ4yGH9bpMWHIBvNaiB1J28p0/w200-h162/TT-85.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2024/01/tom-thomsons-evening-cloud-fall-1915.html" target="_blank">Evening Cloud</a> Alternate titles: Evening Clouds; Storm Cloud; Storm Clouds Fall 1915 Hers is the real story... cumulus congestus at a cold frontal passage wearing the Belt of Venus...<br /><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXOuUmXJusPyx2KXNIvj9aw8DWC4oYxgEo5qO3KNa8Em4yDwS9Im9dmHnAwjseG_8SG0mfOZJGQpbndNf5rMIcISxoPch86hYIKnJIVOTUqPO5bYhhRu1ry1vP36uFFMyXQIgw3pOUtbuqd0PJQ7znEsb7OfPE4JCabvDl5g0TxQ87dFzbx4VlY7sm12c/s858/TT-86.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="694" data-original-width="858" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXOuUmXJusPyx2KXNIvj9aw8DWC4oYxgEo5qO3KNa8Em4yDwS9Im9dmHnAwjseG_8SG0mfOZJGQpbndNf5rMIcISxoPch86hYIKnJIVOTUqPO5bYhhRu1ry1vP36uFFMyXQIgw3pOUtbuqd0PJQ7znEsb7OfPE4JCabvDl5g0TxQ87dFzbx4VlY7sm12c/w200-h162/TT-86.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2024/01/tom-thomsons-artists-camp-canoe-lake.html" target="_blank">Artist's Camp, Canoe Lake, Algonquin Park</a> Alternate title: Night Camp Fall 1915. There is a very interesting story behind the white "balloon silk", state-of-the-art tent. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgKvkLm8nYNIq_nkqq-ZnppxwPNxNiMBMNsdWpEg2zWKQJtgnKSHaOcYrYHE7zNzWDWTYU2yNNXZw8H9yR2fAkh_3zrPGL3MDdITjvONGv2Chm9lfJEDAjW3npCknRLNoTI0uIOgSQwyFAbisFI9i6pmRMwt-gIMCjtnplhbjvJWpGDEjs1KmNvmBqD0/s999/TT-87.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="815" data-original-width="999" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgKvkLm8nYNIq_nkqq-ZnppxwPNxNiMBMNsdWpEg2zWKQJtgnKSHaOcYrYHE7zNzWDWTYU2yNNXZw8H9yR2fAkh_3zrPGL3MDdITjvONGv2Chm9lfJEDAjW3npCknRLNoTI0uIOgSQwyFAbisFI9i6pmRMwt-gIMCjtnplhbjvJWpGDEjs1KmNvmBqD0/w200-h163/TT-87.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2024/02/tom-thomsons-tom-thomsons-tea-lake-dam.html" target="_blank">Tea Lake Dam Fall 1915</a> certainly painted in the spring with logs going to market - probably 1916. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6gfotJzfYp6djMXHEK9HggvKB7udE91zd8LnmRyTdrfnDr1p09qBYjV5oRzfPVuH6HNt1rGYDYApUHeZnllhfvc1uzf3IM4LH6qFFcw_Qpff1_LnGmWu_4qpBllYlAQ350IVSWixfOkzKN0BLTFn0jtK6lofpyjuv-I5Uq0xEeDen-C1rednChvzedAc/s744/TT-88.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="608" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6gfotJzfYp6djMXHEK9HggvKB7udE91zd8LnmRyTdrfnDr1p09qBYjV5oRzfPVuH6HNt1rGYDYApUHeZnllhfvc1uzf3IM4LH6qFFcw_Qpff1_LnGmWu_4qpBllYlAQ350IVSWixfOkzKN0BLTFn0jtK6lofpyjuv-I5Uq0xEeDen-C1rednChvzedAc/w164-h200/TT-88.jpg" width="164" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2024/02/tom-thomsons-moonlight-fall-1915.html" target="_blank">Moonlight Fall 1915</a> Actually painted in the spring of 1916... on the evening of April 18th about 18 hours before <a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2023/11/tom-thomsons-ragged-pine-1916.html" target="_blank">Ragged Pine, Spring 1916.</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB1Re1fVz1wSrR-Nu6mesluDC0tNXdZLFdTvYR1OH76MNAHK0ZJ94Ha89dpnd2RBrMUAldfTOGzVV2kpWDczWNsg8hRlff-chXkx8udsOiD_OdYgNQEjoNPcBsTg2sU6cIml1-bZmt2VJzk8Fn107Ym3A34l9Zfa6IRI7PUyg3THpdQlucTk0s-ODqPAY/s906/TT-89.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="906" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB1Re1fVz1wSrR-Nu6mesluDC0tNXdZLFdTvYR1OH76MNAHK0ZJ94Ha89dpnd2RBrMUAldfTOGzVV2kpWDczWNsg8hRlff-chXkx8udsOiD_OdYgNQEjoNPcBsTg2sU6cIml1-bZmt2VJzk8Fn107Ym3A34l9Zfa6IRI7PUyg3THpdQlucTk0s-ODqPAY/w200-h163/TT-89.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2024/02/tom-thomsons-abandoned-logs-fall-1915.html" target="_blank">Abandoned Logs Fall 1915</a> Those logs were not abandoned in the spring of 1916 when Tom observed the log drive along Carcajou Creek. The tall pile of logs was a landing piled high by the hard-working lumbermen. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhNYK8W_-MoiaIvVCHp1BUepaT_Mmd6aV9WIrlryDoworo85VHbzd3ZaTiUQrFkcwfmrGv1lr4D7WKpUgUKRc26ok9hcSUA5KuIlo_hnYvvKRX1o5JvjT695hvft_puFnPdTICi9CDpJqaFQd_DHgF2j0uEThfS-TBjLnDbazclsmpLQvRGDtK_D36VNs/s946/TT-120-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="946" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhNYK8W_-MoiaIvVCHp1BUepaT_Mmd6aV9WIrlryDoworo85VHbzd3ZaTiUQrFkcwfmrGv1lr4D7WKpUgUKRc26ok9hcSUA5KuIlo_hnYvvKRX1o5JvjT695hvft_puFnPdTICi9CDpJqaFQd_DHgF2j0uEThfS-TBjLnDbazclsmpLQvRGDtK_D36VNs/w200-h162/TT-120-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2024/02/tom-thomsons-sketch-for-drive-fall-1916.html" target="_blank">Sketch for "The Drive" Fall 1916</a> After painting <a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2024/02/tom-thomsons-abandoned-logs-fall-1915.html" target="_blank">Abandoned Logs</a> Tom probably strolled 100 metres along the western bank of Carcajou Creek to were the lumbermen were actively guiding logs through the sluiceway of the dam on the May morning in 1916. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKfKBLroPGbQZLscepkVG3SGZgbOzhr52rKJBPKPg2dFMmpwX50sRShw-enVB-lO8IOzYrcQ7mWVyReFkFMougP86rTtOL0r6MC1H4mxuOB5iNBxPeARmE5OuQ2APUMIBSYApf62BsU_YQr5_IgmUVJJmLkqVyvuH9MTveGUq6N53ad-LeKWPswzQFOZ8/s2000/TT-121.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1628" data-original-width="2000" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKfKBLroPGbQZLscepkVG3SGZgbOzhr52rKJBPKPg2dFMmpwX50sRShw-enVB-lO8IOzYrcQ7mWVyReFkFMougP86rTtOL0r6MC1H4mxuOB5iNBxPeARmE5OuQ2APUMIBSYApf62BsU_YQr5_IgmUVJJmLkqVyvuH9MTveGUq6N53ad-LeKWPswzQFOZ8/w200-h163/TT-121.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div><a href="https://chadwicknaturallycurious.blogspot.com/2024/03/tom-thomsons-sandbank-with-logs-summer.html" target="_blank">Sandbank with Logs, Summer or fall 1916 </a> There is actually quite an interesting story behind this tangle of timbers... </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xHXK9WhTqTgdZi_npTtl5r7iw1sPpHbx2OoSXsWJewhdpptkY-aOAlyr-lXcjPg-JIpt-gMr_4IY94FP6F8Q7F0gW1nsV8g_7dl6_EqaTT-QN9eIHoko5JhzmXcEIS3SEwhxMwruRQkHZz1G2msCJ6S5bm32Xfd0gxyyI1IVxdXQ6QYDs7agJpSb8vA/s5882/TT-122.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4759" data-original-width="5882" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xHXK9WhTqTgdZi_npTtl5r7iw1sPpHbx2OoSXsWJewhdpptkY-aOAlyr-lXcjPg-JIpt-gMr_4IY94FP6F8Q7F0gW1nsV8g_7dl6_EqaTT-QN9eIHoko5JhzmXcEIS3SEwhxMwruRQkHZz1G2msCJ6S5bm32Xfd0gxyyI1IVxdXQ6QYDs7agJpSb8vA/w200-h162/TT-122.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4rFmS9xf5zBF-Zc56w1HSm-7RPTZWkpi7w_OOoD8IqGUNUKX8sB24-sqvGmRfEMS4qVzmUr3CdIuyFEJBdX-9lqh8NlKWnBytd7BJ4DgHo2TeYdI6tqQXprLxKsxb-nbcejHIiEjDphfIUFuqMNeUMbf6A4lJKt-YiEdL6fFzvcU3GGUR5TfBpd6P0qw/s919/TT-90.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="919" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4rFmS9xf5zBF-Zc56w1HSm-7RPTZWkpi7w_OOoD8IqGUNUKX8sB24-sqvGmRfEMS4qVzmUr3CdIuyFEJBdX-9lqh8NlKWnBytd7BJ4DgHo2TeYdI6tqQXprLxKsxb-nbcejHIiEjDphfIUFuqMNeUMbf6A4lJKt-YiEdL6fFzvcU3GGUR5TfBpd6P0qw/w200-h161/TT-90.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Phantom Tent Alternate title: Wood Interior Fall 1915<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtU1ppK1KJWuxEoodlHHl4XctOzzuS1M2aOTU7xT7QdK7oqMKL_tJz4DRgYK2ze60UDJBM1cOgXcyNUZQR4NSWxkNMjFsp2yZSznHpOka1kFrq1D22NdRzWxyIXCkqLd3G2G2ChIuZhwYLUjsvO6PZtKNz6PSogZm06sHlh7PHaWRXRgONmUdtH3fL6gs/s908/TT-91.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="908" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtU1ppK1KJWuxEoodlHHl4XctOzzuS1M2aOTU7xT7QdK7oqMKL_tJz4DRgYK2ze60UDJBM1cOgXcyNUZQR4NSWxkNMjFsp2yZSznHpOka1kFrq1D22NdRzWxyIXCkqLd3G2G2ChIuZhwYLUjsvO6PZtKNz6PSogZm06sHlh7PHaWRXRgONmUdtH3fL6gs/w200-h162/TT-91.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Tamaracks Alternate titles: Purple Distance; Yellow Trees Fall 1915<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtNoWPZr1VC7AYAJKoztPaSSRggla8Tvrlh3wo2Lwkq7rJRbYrQra6spitWybb28UVre2rIcVfJmufzydkJqnNbc1kvfxgv-X0PXUsiKWp_4pyeBw_QgLSCz4h1d4PX4k35SsLGwgpFwbtkSGBPtKdjW9u9Gbc-SZu1r3LPfphXHurEN3HMOZENbP71x0/s911/TT-92.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="911" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtNoWPZr1VC7AYAJKoztPaSSRggla8Tvrlh3wo2Lwkq7rJRbYrQra6spitWybb28UVre2rIcVfJmufzydkJqnNbc1kvfxgv-X0PXUsiKWp_4pyeBw_QgLSCz4h1d4PX4k35SsLGwgpFwbtkSGBPtKdjW9u9Gbc-SZu1r3LPfphXHurEN3HMOZENbP71x0/w200-h164/TT-92.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Tamarack Swamp Alternate title: Tamarack Fall 1915 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh68G_2oNDX4SJ2H8YoLQ31vAGJFtaKQkcdfphQydNfATLQXy2Sgq6H4qLIzwGMMB1iBB8UD27Hdh9z6NnWcu8WM4pH-_pl2Ok1A0cJ2zXC2hZzcVx8xA_B-5B8KP3IPtAI_Cgib9UWf8m91KWCL_TgooDsO2Mu5Qk9Jsxm0-vIXsUG5005J9YFdRm6kbA/s930/TT-93.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="746" data-original-width="930" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh68G_2oNDX4SJ2H8YoLQ31vAGJFtaKQkcdfphQydNfATLQXy2Sgq6H4qLIzwGMMB1iBB8UD27Hdh9z6NnWcu8WM4pH-_pl2Ok1A0cJ2zXC2hZzcVx8xA_B-5B8KP3IPtAI_Cgib9UWf8m91KWCL_TgooDsO2Mu5Qk9Jsxm0-vIXsUG5005J9YFdRm6kbA/w200-h161/TT-93.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Round Lake, Mud Bay Alternate title: Geese, Round Lake, Mud Bay Fall 1915<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8phY3vGEuJeFv4_PFeCk2QbjT7uAjOCJN4gDGDvuCRLwplHBkCQ7Slkhzo6fglk1bD6OkpTgxvMAZeP15fv08KH1dsTeUCiTMDp0gy4aIxi5KTtj-D8742MfSm24xW_lwVLTUdZUQ8BRxaxPg6XzZxsPQNj4XqQFf5StRIAJVzbJjfP-VkbwrmDXYpXs/s883/TT-94.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="715" data-original-width="883" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8phY3vGEuJeFv4_PFeCk2QbjT7uAjOCJN4gDGDvuCRLwplHBkCQ7Slkhzo6fglk1bD6OkpTgxvMAZeP15fv08KH1dsTeUCiTMDp0gy4aIxi5KTtj-D8742MfSm24xW_lwVLTUdZUQ8BRxaxPg6XzZxsPQNj4XqQFf5StRIAJVzbJjfP-VkbwrmDXYpXs/w200-h162/TT-94.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>November Day Alternate title: A November Day Fall 1915 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0jROeC1oApECyyxSUjjon6CSfnokBQNv488j1SscjE01jgCqhOJfLzk-Z7Sp0i2K46h5Ekl2-so5XJQ-5oMl9Ivzpg9jG7bgX28sxF8-4v40WFhl0qVzAK38pdPDEUlPxb-Ss7vqoy4cLvNzdWm3Vr-F4w__Xnq_WqVRXzyh73IxPlLHL55xZOep5rW0/s1073/TT-95.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="1073" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0jROeC1oApECyyxSUjjon6CSfnokBQNv488j1SscjE01jgCqhOJfLzk-Z7Sp0i2K46h5Ekl2-so5XJQ-5oMl9Ivzpg9jG7bgX28sxF8-4v40WFhl0qVzAK38pdPDEUlPxb-Ss7vqoy4cLvNzdWm3Vr-F4w__Xnq_WqVRXzyh73IxPlLHL55xZOep5rW0/w200-h141/TT-95.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Sunset, Canoe Lake Alternate title: Canoe Lake Fall 1915<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUGDgKovtN2jbl6d3sICvXZm7VrSvtojaOn6Czs7b8SvWqvVNRNZD0DpSP97CYthDoeA_45ndfeRaHQqJYkZuviuIKUkMHyDneiBElHy8fkfQP38puwxTBy4W4V8jRBhJ7X0ruHM2XoZZFHOxWkA27wdl3-OfTPFiVgxb1vg-5TotmQ0jO5-SKAPUiptA/s1000/TT-96.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="791" data-original-width="1000" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUGDgKovtN2jbl6d3sICvXZm7VrSvtojaOn6Czs7b8SvWqvVNRNZD0DpSP97CYthDoeA_45ndfeRaHQqJYkZuviuIKUkMHyDneiBElHy8fkfQP38puwxTBy4W4V8jRBhJ7X0ruHM2XoZZFHOxWkA27wdl3-OfTPFiVgxb1vg-5TotmQ0jO5-SKAPUiptA/w200-h158/TT-96.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Northern Lake Alternate title: Northern Lake, Spring Summer 1916 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrXFMIJ6vxaTQj8jsTMmnYZYRCqr9Q044uloLXUSL0b6oTOBJMGDZvYhBu8p3aszDNDCTOHdVj74_8OfjVmWxn0rMur0O0PFNclmgFw4re9fcNOWgFpDbHuzlY6A4jn60jLDVUfMc8y_WGIwoPgmP_VBZC_ls4Mvu4EH6fMAa7Ei8D-yUkAv62SJs1Nt0/s994/TT-97.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="811" data-original-width="994" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrXFMIJ6vxaTQj8jsTMmnYZYRCqr9Q044uloLXUSL0b6oTOBJMGDZvYhBu8p3aszDNDCTOHdVj74_8OfjVmWxn0rMur0O0PFNclmgFw4re9fcNOWgFpDbHuzlY6A4jn60jLDVUfMc8y_WGIwoPgmP_VBZC_ls4Mvu4EH6fMAa7Ei8D-yUkAv62SJs1Nt0/w200-h163/TT-97.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Poplars by a Lake Alternate title: Lake Through Trees Summer or fall 1916 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwfryzI-IF65CWafY5qREH80BCpRgFy9iRHjGbWvH9ewooxGlbYncj-gR60Hc3tfgg43lCOu06vs_BW7eXBohOhOupPHEUlepfwsJXN_YeTday6HU8jZr4GpSjgUr_h5aYSdHhtY6ZvogQcxvegLussvG1SpplaTmerym_N_65rW9hTbJHATK5OtkC0Jw/s742/TT-98.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="742" data-original-width="594" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwfryzI-IF65CWafY5qREH80BCpRgFy9iRHjGbWvH9ewooxGlbYncj-gR60Hc3tfgg43lCOu06vs_BW7eXBohOhOupPHEUlepfwsJXN_YeTday6HU8jZr4GpSjgUr_h5aYSdHhtY6ZvogQcxvegLussvG1SpplaTmerym_N_65rW9hTbJHATK5OtkC0Jw/w160-h200/TT-98.jpg" width="160" /></a></div>The Dead Pine Alternate title: Lone Pine Fall 1916 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPkbSUlqdh3NWjEM550qwclpuuK1ogHe-qt57vLz3WGOwpgwDz6oszNA_5AyF0p2-pAWrTr_mvOV4QaM8wEvL2zx-_0KEtiZR-judEDDFUOc_VpyetbFBA_MdunXcMhGYadSgHlMo-7BZG3jfQKwLz_k7iMZPYTPTsLwm801VS5Rm-DNiwfoL9z7Fw85g/s1004/TT-99.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="1004" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPkbSUlqdh3NWjEM550qwclpuuK1ogHe-qt57vLz3WGOwpgwDz6oszNA_5AyF0p2-pAWrTr_mvOV4QaM8wEvL2zx-_0KEtiZR-judEDDFUOc_VpyetbFBA_MdunXcMhGYadSgHlMo-7BZG3jfQKwLz_k7iMZPYTPTsLwm801VS5Rm-DNiwfoL9z7Fw85g/w200-h168/TT-99.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Petawawa Gorges Alternate titles: Cliff Landscape; Storm Over River Fall 1916<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKFjCVCB2s6lDwAsjjvZsWVsLmSfHGUcrsxr2nNewD9NFUIov4ZgrYEj4dDnK6NWOJyAjWMnEpCP359GRVehNOL2tGlrTqWj5GARxLZb5BDVsb7gY8E3WKnyHAT3-dySWjB2g51wodSdOZh2fqro7RTSSXpMwWCYSZz3KbUEu7GQs8DzVntqRYNfGWMqw/s1006/TT-100.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1006" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKFjCVCB2s6lDwAsjjvZsWVsLmSfHGUcrsxr2nNewD9NFUIov4ZgrYEj4dDnK6NWOJyAjWMnEpCP359GRVehNOL2tGlrTqWj5GARxLZb5BDVsb7gY8E3WKnyHAT3-dySWjB2g51wodSdOZh2fqro7RTSSXpMwWCYSZz3KbUEu7GQs8DzVntqRYNfGWMqw/w200-h160/TT-100.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>View from a Height, Algonquin Park Fall 1916<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWLANJhoPlOkUScOPxweU0HIcAxCgWrLSG50TiRm6fC2cWfqm-cjvZqrObiW9IRMM_KotSykTnhVpSE8Unoy6J4OCuQCD9vwmK-PXgAlWQ93rFZ0mWVwaSucc4g8_mTnnIAfXfu8CIgMGnesbyZct6KjTcRSghP3LYHDo4GVqevl5iOXpfygNekL5wckc/s999/TT-101.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="802" data-original-width="999" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWLANJhoPlOkUScOPxweU0HIcAxCgWrLSG50TiRm6fC2cWfqm-cjvZqrObiW9IRMM_KotSykTnhVpSE8Unoy6J4OCuQCD9vwmK-PXgAlWQ93rFZ0mWVwaSucc4g8_mTnnIAfXfu8CIgMGnesbyZct6KjTcRSghP3LYHDo4GVqevl5iOXpfygNekL5wckc/w200-h161/TT-101.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>The Lake, Bright Day Fall 1916 <div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQVBBCKI-Ui0WGwi3_V-oC1yqGTSbLV1pIZFFW9iLKT1X6cnO3t28oyA8wQ7i4FuAQcYVnfmY7osOOuPE6EQLY5B_cfwHVMByOWAVcMrCMmYPJeCQpbARi7A_B4USIunc3xKqPKsio6kuJgaWt7gtfze81oHl8_UonQcRWnboCvQwO5Ze13Wckos6cbk/s883/TT-102.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="713" data-original-width="883" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQVBBCKI-Ui0WGwi3_V-oC1yqGTSbLV1pIZFFW9iLKT1X6cnO3t28oyA8wQ7i4FuAQcYVnfmY7osOOuPE6EQLY5B_cfwHVMByOWAVcMrCMmYPJeCQpbARi7A_B4USIunc3xKqPKsio6kuJgaWt7gtfze81oHl8_UonQcRWnboCvQwO5Ze13Wckos6cbk/w200-h161/TT-102.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Somber Day Fall 1916 </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTxTreqw_WsBxXV6d_SBt5ZGPS3-cVbarGkz_zn0LDhnJfzsVLc2-RVET_YcVMsDDWmy8OLM2Ot_UX7GbNXb3z22Jh5eK5JIajY7lBng9zSvnxTs7u5c1cTJ8ZbFRU7oLWJvb962wCx2s73Q5fteqtYS_O6WjE7btkOK-kqS0dnhjHy8JtCy-5XAu3FQk/s1000/TT-103.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="1000" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTxTreqw_WsBxXV6d_SBt5ZGPS3-cVbarGkz_zn0LDhnJfzsVLc2-RVET_YcVMsDDWmy8OLM2Ot_UX7GbNXb3z22Jh5eK5JIajY7lBng9zSvnxTs7u5c1cTJ8ZbFRU7oLWJvb962wCx2s73Q5fteqtYS_O6WjE7btkOK-kqS0dnhjHy8JtCy-5XAu3FQk/w200-h161/TT-103.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Ragged Pine Fall 1916 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKs7bymrSHjffBP6OhbpEEtd1frGLwayV1u2SjM9MqAavb9uncrYCrheeYE99ORyBxiE_enDHDqY0-LYGR6c_JfKBAzajXCHUgja8aDBWDhefa-w4BjbDia9dyO80CqK6lAvVZzxpOkQKQr3QDZoeJ_Mg5we3QA_R5hRAc8lMCJxaQa9jYc_kclFsIPrg/s1007/TT-104.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="807" data-original-width="1007" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKs7bymrSHjffBP6OhbpEEtd1frGLwayV1u2SjM9MqAavb9uncrYCrheeYE99ORyBxiE_enDHDqY0-LYGR6c_JfKBAzajXCHUgja8aDBWDhefa-w4BjbDia9dyO80CqK6lAvVZzxpOkQKQr3QDZoeJ_Mg5we3QA_R5hRAc8lMCJxaQa9jYc_kclFsIPrg/w200-h160/TT-104.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Birch by a Lake, with Big Cloud Alternate titles: Birch by a Lake; Birches; Clouds over a Lake Fall 1916 <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKQMr6LrfhIMzbd5hVrwigDceVZ7L9CDyhI8j9D_PDKKVCNwIKOfkb-if_ew_U8jl0M7hZCkrt_Htgxvu174Z63941uX2F-zNDahe0DurOEvMMivbmpSVPI36ascfncKoRz-Ods-CHFT-F3NMLwvOVryqJZamLSrnpGweMZrOeLawyMgDu9BtuUeswqMg/s1003/TT-105.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="815" data-original-width="1003" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKQMr6LrfhIMzbd5hVrwigDceVZ7L9CDyhI8j9D_PDKKVCNwIKOfkb-if_ew_U8jl0M7hZCkrt_Htgxvu174Z63941uX2F-zNDahe0DurOEvMMivbmpSVPI36ascfncKoRz-Ods-CHFT-F3NMLwvOVryqJZamLSrnpGweMZrOeLawyMgDu9BtuUeswqMg/w200-h163/TT-105.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Autumn, Algonquin Park 1916<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRBimRVmqVawJ2gNUVvS6u8HyGoDh1OJwsBPo_w2ktqqZpBPU5_4B926rzVVY51rsRDUx2Br6uIGRRU5Caz0BUtcYxkpmn97WbxrwIpo0_FkYCpA-I_DKRoiPbDhbPH40YTkfEtXR_aeA6lvkoW085TKddnPKKGf9ygociZQB1Gq0F1i0TKPTgDxiHdaU/s1000/TT-106.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="1000" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRBimRVmqVawJ2gNUVvS6u8HyGoDh1OJwsBPo_w2ktqqZpBPU5_4B926rzVVY51rsRDUx2Br6uIGRRU5Caz0BUtcYxkpmn97WbxrwIpo0_FkYCpA-I_DKRoiPbDhbPH40YTkfEtXR_aeA6lvkoW085TKddnPKKGf9ygociZQB1Gq0F1i0TKPTgDxiHdaU/w200-h159/TT-106.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Lake in Autumn Alternate titles: Late Afternoon?; Swamp in Fall? Fall 1916 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLhGyUI5MDoxhaN3Rf7EWjw6dgrRoX5erBRfe19BcjBhg-DwVlg5EG3UYh28rdEpKGsd_ThmZ9nvGjuTr3iFe5ht3SkEzjI3mWDVhNJ_0CRejBUeP7EqROKZ0kimWR95CYi8hUhEd8289w0IjxlGMhklW7uaAAwwetGRKrfqv4Mg2-u6Y4QXkXny2AdsI/s935/TT-107.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="935" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLhGyUI5MDoxhaN3Rf7EWjw6dgrRoX5erBRfe19BcjBhg-DwVlg5EG3UYh28rdEpKGsd_ThmZ9nvGjuTr3iFe5ht3SkEzjI3mWDVhNJ_0CRejBUeP7EqROKZ0kimWR95CYi8hUhEd8289w0IjxlGMhklW7uaAAwwetGRKrfqv4Mg2-u6Y4QXkXny2AdsI/w200-h160/TT-107.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Canoe Lake, Algonquin Park Fall 1916<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpCxDHONM_kXhN_UV3L1B5qhw5qqc_ams46t8e8pig3ctUIeWBBI2pZlAoIkA6-5Xv77XPJEgmWk12VLI-Zr-Kk-AiMJHk9tJmuTwCtx43Xb3LLdab0grdMcrtEDlDI4cBtfQr-DP7I56I4gNRkmKV9rG0uESEQGee5JgyhVJ59IQfBq9vQWEna7TnTOA/s932/TT-108.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="932" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpCxDHONM_kXhN_UV3L1B5qhw5qqc_ams46t8e8pig3ctUIeWBBI2pZlAoIkA6-5Xv77XPJEgmWk12VLI-Zr-Kk-AiMJHk9tJmuTwCtx43Xb3LLdab0grdMcrtEDlDI4cBtfQr-DP7I56I4gNRkmKV9rG0uESEQGee5JgyhVJ59IQfBq9vQWEna7TnTOA/w200-h158/TT-108.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Pink Clouds Fall 1916<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYlqnukhLv9AqqlMVzqygEgE4ZRhMUbxA4hAwdeuZQoxHhY2bQkwCj_mG3ZxRkLPsUKvtuirT28BbpE_Lys7Jc8hNAFIqVlYrg8hVvoloql9jtK8xNzdWrREv9OCsTtDSuZv6mY_pz6Amxnww0atvYQlSuZ7SMnqtrxaNUmW5ft-Xq7Fo9cVMwNcMsbEc/s980/TT-109.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="980" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYlqnukhLv9AqqlMVzqygEgE4ZRhMUbxA4hAwdeuZQoxHhY2bQkwCj_mG3ZxRkLPsUKvtuirT28BbpE_Lys7Jc8hNAFIqVlYrg8hVvoloql9jtK8xNzdWrREv9OCsTtDSuZv6mY_pz6Amxnww0atvYQlSuZ7SMnqtrxaNUmW5ft-Xq7Fo9cVMwNcMsbEc/w200-h154/TT-109.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Wild Geese: Sketch for "Chill November" Alternate titles: First Snow Ducks; Sketch for "Chill November" Fall 1916 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-YULLCM4k289yudwoQwbZmv-Lj6tGF8peMY65TurLxqOPjjNt1kmKqptf1wxPVipF_Btjs41lVZjFZpI6DxIy2vqHoZ8rmzTS11BtQ6hkKKSJv7TFAShNtMRWFS5wLI-ysaGxkM6QT-qFjUwluQoE04AmNKV1X3AnanEa-Q4VgNkfCmyWY1DmUzHfszU/s1000/TT-110.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="1000" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-YULLCM4k289yudwoQwbZmv-Lj6tGF8peMY65TurLxqOPjjNt1kmKqptf1wxPVipF_Btjs41lVZjFZpI6DxIy2vqHoZ8rmzTS11BtQ6hkKKSJv7TFAShNtMRWFS5wLI-ysaGxkM6QT-qFjUwluQoE04AmNKV1X3AnanEa-Q4VgNkfCmyWY1DmUzHfszU/w200-h164/TT-110.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Sunset, Canoe Lake Fall 1916<div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div><br /><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYKepRFI34QDkxbBCqQP1AIySP1bkfLwRWSH9t_ZmUmioqPOg2AxUqzLPOUOTrx8FLTpCh08NS9rBkVC3bsKoKuxlBkn_pY6nrkKiQLKyI_PeBapTF0nuCX_ClI_Yhr_1MTToF9U95kYicOBag4Y05G_laWPy-95-FgIzZVtQ5TSj0B-qbVIB7zLjLpk8/s1280/TT-65.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1010" data-original-width="1280" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYKepRFI34QDkxbBCqQP1AIySP1bkfLwRWSH9t_ZmUmioqPOg2AxUqzLPOUOTrx8FLTpCh08NS9rBkVC3bsKoKuxlBkn_pY6nrkKiQLKyI_PeBapTF0nuCX_ClI_Yhr_1MTToF9U95kYicOBag4Y05G_laWPy-95-FgIzZVtQ5TSj0B-qbVIB7zLjLpk8/w200-h158/TT-65.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJa0CYPwhWuQPVCv5TjRz3PZlaIt32xIG2jsNZPhl_wQfrRLTgzRVLHgqE9nWT27vnbHU266lFTFFeFZxP9Vj3Gq0c-faAAHJP7kaEVaIsHV445ZijNoGCa5Qh6EdIYC8UXwepWzt1qiSOH5SiCHpbKuUNRejBxGO3WC57dSihs9mUWyr0oRVPsnONArI/s897/TT-66.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="807" data-original-width="897" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJa0CYPwhWuQPVCv5TjRz3PZlaIt32xIG2jsNZPhl_wQfrRLTgzRVLHgqE9nWT27vnbHU266lFTFFeFZxP9Vj3Gq0c-faAAHJP7kaEVaIsHV445ZijNoGCa5Qh6EdIYC8UXwepWzt1qiSOH5SiCHpbKuUNRejBxGO3WC57dSihs9mUWyr0oRVPsnONArI/w200-h180/TT-66.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The ability of nature to inspire can be magical. The preceding articles were never intended to teach the incredible complexities of physics or meteorology. The goal was simply to inspire the reader to look at the natural world from a fresh perspective - to appreciate the magic of nature and perhaps become a "<i>weather walker</i>" and a protector of the environment. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Tom was inspired by the super-natural that he witnessed through his brief forty years. That world is being threatened by unsustainable consumption which is the source of all environmental issues. The reader inspired by Tom's art and nature might be moved to take action for future generations as we careen through the Sixth Mass Extinction and Earth's Loss of Biodiversity. That was the other goal of this effort disguised as art history. Art and science can be compatible. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Of course, you may simply wish to enjoy the art of Tom Thomson and that is absolutely fine as well - even encouraged! As Claude Monet said: “<i>Everyone discusses my art and pretends to understand, as if it were necessary to understand, when it is simply necessary to love</i>.”</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">I always left the last word for Tom Thomson at the end of every "<i>Tom Thomson Was A Weatherman</i>" presentation. On Saturday, July 7th, 1917 the day before he died, Tom <a href="https://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/thomson/archives/privateletter/5415en.html" target="_blank">wrote</a> to his patron Dr. James MacCallum: "<i>Will send my winter sketches down in a day or two and have every intention of making some more..</i>." Tom was not finished his artistic journey!</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">There are many more articles to come but it takes time to translate the "<i>Tom Thomson Was A Weatherman</i>" book into blogs .. and I still need to follow <a href="https://1-phil-chadwick.pixels.com/" target="_blank">my own artistic journey - and catalogue raisonné</a> as well. I prefer to tell my own story so that any mistakes are my own. </div></div><p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</p><p>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</p><p>PS: I once corresponded with Ross King, the author of "<i><a href="https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/9369936" target="_blank">Defiant Spirits</a></i>" and he wrote: considering the "<i>ancient question of St. Hilary of Poitiers—“Who can look on nature and not see God? ”—can be given a Canadian twist. Who can look on nature and not see Tom Thomson?</i>" That phrase does indeed sum up the art and science of Tom Thomson. </p><p><br /></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-61101993568584973582022-10-04T06:53:00.080-04:002022-10-19T04:58:56.029-04:00Lines in the Sky and the Meaning of Life<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX1oaAeJBNS-DMzs5J4oWUffHZvxSFzNj6n3wVAGCTQacbTE0pkJI71DKx5PW-ZgLqkM6um3D1Eh7MvmGb9CixlPtejJ0uEz8lOJtqAsYDJnbjAyCyljRc4U9PDEAH5zBnd1J1okcWlyH1EFlFFByrodY5T7hrjBiE6NqCXCN7lHXfP_lh61G4qRaR/s1000/2326.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX1oaAeJBNS-DMzs5J4oWUffHZvxSFzNj6n3wVAGCTQacbTE0pkJI71DKx5PW-ZgLqkM6um3D1Eh7MvmGb9CixlPtejJ0uEz8lOJtqAsYDJnbjAyCyljRc4U9PDEAH5zBnd1J1okcWlyH1EFlFFByrodY5T7hrjBiE6NqCXCN7lHXfP_lh61G4qRaR/w400-h320/2326.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2326 "Cirrus Lines" </td></tr></tbody></table><br />I thought it was important to review all of the lines in the sky that we have visited in the past years. Lines are typically more apparent than <i>swirls</i>. Regardless, of which catches your eye, the solution to the weather puzzle must be the same. I keep trying different approaches to better communicate these concepts until one connects with you. Giving up is not an option.<p></p><p>Lines written in the sky are the closest that I can muster to describe the meaning of life in the weather world. Meteorological lines have defined my life for sure. These lines come in only three flavours – <i><b>gravity </b></i>waves, <i><b>deformation </b></i>zones, and <i><b>Langmuir</b></i>. I have written about these many times before but repetition while explaining the concepts from different perspectives might send the message home.</p><p>These concepts are best understood from the atmospheric frame of reference moving with the average speed of the atmosphere. Observing the weather with your feet planted on the ground may be our simplest option but please use your imagination to move with the flow. Weather after all is more of a ballet than a battle. </p><p>Gravity waves require two things. </p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p>A stable layer is an inversion in the atmosphere - called such since the potential temperature increases with height versus the typical cooling we observe. Air parcels displaced from a stable layer are returned to the level from which they originated. </p><p> And a force to cause this displacement and to get the wave going.</p></blockquote><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcDwC5nE0kxp-kbNTDvKElqMyAba6N--a7--aAQ4sDPetgkKftlwCwkwCPq09b6i9RJNCVbBKfoa2Nbraex3W984L1Qz_gyZTLbkCT5P3CadrVfPTqohwho_vetMwzEBdSRyT1JP1OUlamTFimE5xObmGn6CcbiXwhuv07t8oeMc2lQw8q4V7TDvbo/s851/Gravity-Wave-Graphic-Chadwick-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="851" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcDwC5nE0kxp-kbNTDvKElqMyAba6N--a7--aAQ4sDPetgkKftlwCwkwCPq09b6i9RJNCVbBKfoa2Nbraex3W984L1Qz_gyZTLbkCT5P3CadrVfPTqohwho_vetMwzEBdSRyT1JP1OUlamTFimE5xObmGn6CcbiXwhuv07t8oeMc2lQw8q4V7TDvbo/w400-h250/Gravity-Wave-Graphic-Chadwick-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Gravity wave lines extend as far as the stable layer and only within the inversion. Waves on a lake can only go as far as the lake. <div><br /></div><div>The winds in the atmospheric frame of reference are always perpendicular to those gravity waves. Here is an earlier post describing gravity waves - <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2021/10/sunrise-or-sunset-seeing-gravity-wave.html" target="_blank">Sunrise or Sunset - Seeing Gravity Wave Clouds</a>. <p></p><p>Deformation Zones require just one thing!</p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">A puff of wind - a local, relatively stronger wind, is all it takes to generate a deformation zone. A smoke ring swirl is the result of a local wind maximum. The swirls create a three-dimensional “skin” that is a 3-D boundary between the puff of wind and the nearby undisturbed fluid. </p></blockquote><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibiQD7FO-ebiRs7_-4w39qkxFFQmgvP1Bv2kkaPqlQsW7VjQ6JQuAYhLoPgDGuyYaz1zz49oc7a_dG-RwQ_4szpETZH-8SvXLNv6wFX3MCd5BFjEGNASTMA_bJJPUts0sKvCWF2rV0XmBXIxSbhE4uI5tICPJVxM4Vq2Enfud4A4E336lLzj3g37WY/s975/Frames-of-Reference-3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="975" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibiQD7FO-ebiRs7_-4w39qkxFFQmgvP1Bv2kkaPqlQsW7VjQ6JQuAYhLoPgDGuyYaz1zz49oc7a_dG-RwQ_4szpETZH-8SvXLNv6wFX3MCd5BFjEGNASTMA_bJJPUts0sKvCWF2rV0XmBXIxSbhE4uI5tICPJVxM4Vq2Enfud4A4E336lLzj3g37WY/s320/Frames-of-Reference-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Deformation zone “skins” are as large as the swirls created by the local wind maximum. They extend through the depths of the atmosphere with vertical vortices. </div><div><br /></div><div>A linear deformation zone is a quasi-horizontal intersection between the skin and a layer of moisture that makes the movement of the air visible. These linear deformation zone patterns occur with every stroke of the paddle on a lake. <p></p><p> The winds in the atmospheric frame of reference are always perpendicular to the col in the deformation zone pattern. I have written about deformation zones so many times that it is difficult to select just one link. The following explains the three-dimensional aspects of the deformation skin without any math - <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2021/03/down-to-earth-meteorology.html" target="_blank">Down to Earth Meteorology. </a></p><p>Langmuir Streaks require two things. </p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span>In contrast with gravity waves, </span>Langmuir streets require an unstable layer in the atmosphere. An unstable layer is where the potential temperature decreases with height. Air parcels displaced from their level keep going until they encounter warmer air and a stable layer. The depth of this unstable layer should not be too deep for effective and obvious Langmuir Streaks. </p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">Langmuir Streaks also require wind. The vertical circulations within the unstable layer are stretched along the wind direction into elongated, helical flows. </p></blockquote><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGsc5QERiTwnPcj9yBwZScEjE6JiItSs4kLHgdyN_twflBUAHKbK0rUsECZAUBOZg_PwJKfRIQbEEaGVFrx6kJ-gdPD3D8KlzBoTZK962tv5CiLgEweZnu-4TzliovFxq3TBndJxPU1KoNqF1tpipZG2fjEuFfOel0XdNe3ZaP_aQwfQ2oaYoQhjEE/s1120/Langmuir-Streaks-5.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="1120" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGsc5QERiTwnPcj9yBwZScEjE6JiItSs4kLHgdyN_twflBUAHKbK0rUsECZAUBOZg_PwJKfRIQbEEaGVFrx6kJ-gdPD3D8KlzBoTZK962tv5CiLgEweZnu-4TzliovFxq3TBndJxPU1KoNqF1tpipZG2fjEuFfOel0XdNe3ZaP_aQwfQ2oaYoQhjEE/w400-h198/Langmuir-Streaks-5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Neighbouring Langmuir Streaks interact to create bands of ascent that in turn separate lines of descent. </div><div><br /></div><div>The unstable layers are most common within the planetary boundary layer where the atmosphere is often heated from below causing air parcels to rise. Unstable layers can also be found within the free atmosphere, most notably below the tropopause. <p></p><p>Langmuir Streaks can be witnessed as long lines of relatively calm water bordering rippled surfaces when a wind crosses a lake. The mean wind direction (in the atmospheric frame of reference) through the depth of the Langmuir Streaks parallels the cloud lines. </p><p>Langmuir Streaks have long been a favourite subject. Here is one blog that describes more of the history as well - <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/05/langmuir-streaks-take-time-to-observe.html" target="_blank">Langmuir Streaks – Take the time to Observe and Learn from Nature</a>. </p><p>I witnessed these three-line flavours found in fluids as a canoeist long before I became a meteorologist. It was important to read the lake so that you could understand the wind. Knowing the breeze informs you how to paddle your canoe. </p><p>My lake transformed into the atmosphere when I became a meteorologist in 1977. Satellite imagery became available shortly thereafter. Oh my... the new satellite data displayed the real world which up to then, I had been trying to comprehend mainly through mathematics. </p><p>The atmosphere was just like my lake! This new data displayed gravity waves everywhere and they accurately revealed the direction of the wind within the cloud at that level… within the atmospheric frame of reference. The gravity waves also revealed that there was a stable layer. </p><p>The science of deformation zones followed in the early 1980s with the inspirational work of Roger Weldon. A single deformation zone revealed the location of four correlated swirls, the col, two opposing pairs of companion circulations, and the two confluent asymptotes. One could diagnose the complete weather pattern from a single line. And it was the real weather and not a numerical simulation.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoGmcZ3VDGOTG-kH_10a4yX5L4vDL4Yk6Prz-X5ulybxNed4tZA1qz6CwcVdE-WP3nL1Rkuc08Ktmue8Hju6iyDvkD1lUyoGT1etXkM1q6mO14mp-Jjvsx87-K2eH-9DTdXsCtmvskU0PgX7dCAova5oaeyY-qYjGMiL0_YvtGBhauANNUj2y3EQlz/s1714/Deformation-Zones-Lines-Swirls-Duckweed2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="1714" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoGmcZ3VDGOTG-kH_10a4yX5L4vDL4Yk6Prz-X5ulybxNed4tZA1qz6CwcVdE-WP3nL1Rkuc08Ktmue8Hju6iyDvkD1lUyoGT1etXkM1q6mO14mp-Jjvsx87-K2eH-9DTdXsCtmvskU0PgX7dCAova5oaeyY-qYjGMiL0_YvtGBhauANNUj2y3EQlz/w400-h171/Deformation-Zones-Lines-Swirls-Duckweed2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The lake and atmospheric deformation zones - both are fluids. </td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div>Langmuir Streaks became more important in the late 1980s when the prediction of snow squalls off the Great Lakes became a very big part of my meteorological effort. <p>I did a lot of hand waving in those early days. A precise explanation and solution of these lines required a lot of mathematics. The math didn’t significantly augment the understanding gained from simply watching the satellite imagery. By the early 1990s, we even had terrific animations of satellite images which was a huge leap forward from the preliminary Walt Disney "cartooning" of still images, followed by the video tape filming of those hard copy satellite pictures. </p><p>Gravity waves, deformation zones and Langmuir Streaks were everywhere within satellite imagery and with animation, we could watch them move and develop. The dynamic lines in the rapidly improving satellite imagery were real and we just had to discover what they meant. It was an exciting time in meteorology. I loved my profession... </p><p>The frame of reference from which we observe these lines is vital. I often failed to explain the difference. The wind observed by the observing network of the Atmospheric Environment Service was the vector addition of that atmosphere frame wind and the mean speed that the atmosphere was moving with respect to the earth. The two are nearly the same where the atmosphere is stagnant but quite different if the weather systems are moving quickly across the landscape. </p><p>The entire weather service was tied to the earth frame of reference. The rapidly evolving science of numerical simulations of the atmosphere - Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) came to my rescue. The lines of absolute vorticity best matched the atmospheric frame winds that I was observing in the lines revealed in the satellite imagery! Absolute vorticity will not be on the quiz. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUNExlXN8a7CtBkH7q5cpMn-2wU5RIkrAJ73KfJXIiN0eDsF8XkN1ajmHc-JXHKONB08ZzoDEYv4oErDWMgjGCguFRaPp5TfYGZT1GNh4K1U75A50bhqT8HTVXSR6XAz8SJFmroHogEsJ-E-OLv7gBWp61PBdSY423xaFawmggdBRBl1EfGB9es_rr/s1920/vapor_west.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUNExlXN8a7CtBkH7q5cpMn-2wU5RIkrAJ73KfJXIiN0eDsF8XkN1ajmHc-JXHKONB08ZzoDEYv4oErDWMgjGCguFRaPp5TfYGZT1GNh4K1U75A50bhqT8HTVXSR6XAz8SJFmroHogEsJ-E-OLv7gBWp61PBdSY423xaFawmggdBRBl1EfGB9es_rr/w400-h225/vapor_west.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking northeast across North America using the <br />3-Dimensional Water Vapour Imagery</td></tr></tbody></table>It is important to note that initially I was reliant on clouds as tracers for the atmospheric frame winds... then along came my new best friend... water vapour imagery. Water vapour was everywhere within the atmospheric ocean... My prayers had been answered. </div><div><br /></div><div>The wind in the atmospheric frame of reference sculpts the water vapour into three-dimensional shapes that really reveal the weather. The water vapour data can even be displayed in 3-D - something we achieved at <a href="https://www.comet.ucar.edu/" target="_blank">COMET </a>in 2009. There was a lot more hand-waving to do with 3-D Water Vapour Imagery but alas, it didn't catch on either. </div><div><br /></div><div>Lines in the atmosphere have to be either <b><i>gravity </i></b>waves, <b><i>deformation </i></b>zones or <b><i>Langmuir </i></b>Streaks. Using these lines as witnessed in the satellite imagery reveals the fundamental meteorological forces at play in the atmosphere… and thus the weather. I learned those lessons from the atmosphere and tried to explain what they meant first to myself and then to anyone who would listen. I tried various approaches and analogies to find one that would connect. I am still trying.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8twdSHI6r7yrFSVuRWn9Ankvw7ePrfKsCMtW7-XB2ye7mAsfmEOhxpBjiFG9HCPIIwd2XZ6U-sxfTmAq0FQr1XS48shz72X9XIp3RCmXlV0txunWO_nIy6hTmoA0rU51nTYa6u9OcHQHrCwAyscXQ4c7bfU-alkfToGb_YjAI243BjaXc9zPxQKzK/s1478/Lines-in-thesky-Oct-2022-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="1478" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8twdSHI6r7yrFSVuRWn9Ankvw7ePrfKsCMtW7-XB2ye7mAsfmEOhxpBjiFG9HCPIIwd2XZ6U-sxfTmAq0FQr1XS48shz72X9XIp3RCmXlV0txunWO_nIy6hTmoA0rU51nTYa6u9OcHQHrCwAyscXQ4c7bfU-alkfToGb_YjAI243BjaXc9zPxQKzK/w400-h204/Lines-in-thesky-Oct-2022-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Typical Sunset with Many Lines in the Sky<br />I did not label them all ... they all tell a story. </td></tr></tbody></table><div><p>The story of lines in fluids has been the meaning of life for me... both from the stern of the canoe and the swivel chair of the Severe Weather Desk. Life was and is good.</p><p>Here are some blogs from that might be of assistance. </p><p><a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/09/weather-watching-guide-for-everyone.html" target="_blank">Weather Watching Guide for Everyone…</a> looking at the very same concepts in a slightly different way. </p><p><a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2021/02/weather-watching-guide-contrails.html" target="_blank">Weather Watching Guide - Contrails</a> described the man-made lines in the sky which I did not touch on here. </p><p>In <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/06/enhancing-satellite-view-of-atmosphere.html" target="_blank">Enhancing the Satellite View of the Atmosphere</a> I described some of my efforts to glean all of the meteorological information out of the satellite data. To find something, you have to start by looking. </p><p>The next Blog will summarize where to look for the different flavours of these lines in the sky. From a weather perspective, it is beneficial to examine the "warm sector lake" portion of the atmospheric ocean.</p><p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</p><p>Phil Chadwick</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-25195707901817508422022-07-05T14:57:00.079-04:002022-07-06T07:23:16.168-04:00Wind Waves and Swells and Lines in the Sky<p>Every cloud has a story to tell. This tale is from Monday July 4th, 2022. I was paddling with the family on Singleton Lake. The goal is to encourage others to take the time to look at those lines in the sky and to hear and understand what the clouds are saying. </p><p>The background explaining how a frame of reference attached to the mean flow in the atmosphere shapes the clouds can be found in <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/02/cloud-shapes-and-lines-in-atmosphere.html" target="_blank">Cloud Shapes and Lines in the Atmosphere</a>. Additional blogs on similar topics can also be found. Trying to understand cloud shapes in a frame of reference attached to a spinning globe hides the actual simplicity behind patterns that form in fluids. </p><p>I will let the following images do most of the talking... </p><p>The cloud patterns were drifting toward the southeast revealing that the wind in the free atmosphere was northwesterly. The cloud bands were advancing slowly from the southwest with the warm conveyor belt (the warm orange arrow in the accompanying graphic).</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigog62OyOoghbxZDol-dPLo88yrS6pM2o0TTitV70xvudVg7qgjnQUxYlW6GZWMmoJgUO4ia6IH9eSNNuLB5Y2aUBw5k75Dm6g_AdxI3evdY-P5oVeOrZ-1nL-31gOTZH6lnbbpHVl8CdOafz4G7pF1ny09AJ8FXMy17NejG65NXwVycQw4a8hKLMS/s1023/WCB-Companions-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="1023" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigog62OyOoghbxZDol-dPLo88yrS6pM2o0TTitV70xvudVg7qgjnQUxYlW6GZWMmoJgUO4ia6IH9eSNNuLB5Y2aUBw5k75Dm6g_AdxI3evdY-P5oVeOrZ-1nL-31gOTZH6lnbbpHVl8CdOafz4G7pF1ny09AJ8FXMy17NejG65NXwVycQw4a8hKLMS/s320/WCB-Companions-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Conveyor Belt Conceptual Model - <a href="https://www.comet.ucar.edu/" target="_blank">COMET</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The sky to the southwest was filled with a thin veil of cirrostratus cloud. The warm and moist air was rising along the <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/03/isentropic-surfaces-science-and-art.html" target="_blank">constant energy surfaces</a> as it approached from the south. As is typical for eastern Ontario, the <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-relativity-of-companion-flows-in.html" target="_blank">anticyclonic companion</a> of the warm conveyor belt would arrive at Singleton Lake first. The col in the deformation zone pattern was far to the northwest. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIQ93F8OaEShwp0Jl3qTteq_e7ZSfscwBiEvurvQ3nqvSfn6BOmcQj_wvNnL6svo_N7o5UZ5akiAaRYU7xJRvKdFLgybj6Z1FLp3n3OQG2MlCePHkshWe-iR2cOg1T5l_vNGzWmAWI59QvmOHxMaPX85TJpF5XZWyt5SHi4iKfmpueTdCftaTgiT7I/s1474/Wind-Waves-Swells-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="1474" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIQ93F8OaEShwp0Jl3qTteq_e7ZSfscwBiEvurvQ3nqvSfn6BOmcQj_wvNnL6svo_N7o5UZ5akiAaRYU7xJRvKdFLgybj6Z1FLp3n3OQG2MlCePHkshWe-iR2cOg1T5l_vNGzWmAWI59QvmOHxMaPX85TJpF5XZWyt5SHi4iKfmpueTdCftaTgiT7I/w400-h183/Wind-Waves-Swells-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking southwest from the middle of Singleton Lake<br />midday July 4th, 2022<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>A strong storm was developing west of the Great Lakes. The jet stream winds with this developing storm were sending out atmospheric swells. These large amplitude gravity waves were already reaching Singleton Lake a day ahead of the arrival of the storm. The crests of the swells contained thicker cirrostratus cloud in long bands. The troughs of those same swells looked clear but actually contained thinner cirrostratus. In the distance and low on the horizon, the swell crest band was less obvious and the associated cirrostratus cloud was exceedingly thin. The orientation of these bands could also be seen on the visible and water vapour imagery. Visible Satellite Imagery Left - Water Vapour Imagery Right<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSsy-e6VgunYQQ8TmOTzjkKOVmIZZmfsWhE-MiNSAgq_wZssNKVMdA8PABOfhJ0Cz0d9sey_2DxlHhaxqNfHnF3gP9Np9_spKzDPoxwU8J5Ja2oTIRo-Bb6dZdmvkrYvD7x1zVP_aSwaINS3cQ_DCfgW09U3kHg-SR-E-XbzjYJ-H_sbeGgmAXJulF/s1441/Wind-Waves-Swells-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1441" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSsy-e6VgunYQQ8TmOTzjkKOVmIZZmfsWhE-MiNSAgq_wZssNKVMdA8PABOfhJ0Cz0d9sey_2DxlHhaxqNfHnF3gP9Np9_spKzDPoxwU8J5Ja2oTIRo-Bb6dZdmvkrYvD7x1zVP_aSwaINS3cQ_DCfgW09U3kHg-SR-E-XbzjYJ-H_sbeGgmAXJulF/w400-h166/Wind-Waves-Swells-2.jpg" width="400" /></a><br /><br /><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXiDtsEOtQh0krM43HUtwKrbuocZxUvfG0MlpKF3q8wknnsTRLSRKnanLhLgYbYWYyotohILRWMsv0lCaXZDlhuO_rwC98uhR2KSO5DWT3FjMcNFeu-PCTnj0jsJMVgO3WMFloMarIN13xmPIzux6sv3-p360nUeYkP8yHD5t4LNJ0jDCw4kWXaKIf/s1326/Wind-Waves-Swells-4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="806" data-original-width="1326" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXiDtsEOtQh0krM43HUtwKrbuocZxUvfG0MlpKF3q8wknnsTRLSRKnanLhLgYbYWYyotohILRWMsv0lCaXZDlhuO_rwC98uhR2KSO5DWT3FjMcNFeu-PCTnj0jsJMVgO3WMFloMarIN13xmPIzux6sv3-p360nUeYkP8yHD5t4LNJ0jDCw4kWXaKIf/w400-h244/Wind-Waves-Swells-4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vertical Motion of Air Parcels Following the Wind Wave Added to the Swell. <br />I Distorted the Wind Wave to Follow the Swell. I included Five Options for the<br />Lifted Condensation Level within the Vertical Range of air parcel motions <br />following the combined Wind Wave and Swell. <br />Motions similar to these waves are area always occurring<br />regardless whether there is a cloud in the sky... </td></tr></tbody></table><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div>The somewhat, clumsy wave graphic above combines the vertical motion of air parcels following the large amplitude swell gravity waves with the vertical motions of the superimposed, locally produced wind waves. The visual appearance of the resultant cloud is determined by the location of the lifted condensation level within that range of air parcel vertical motion. Option 3 would explain what we were witnessing overhead. Option 2 is required to explain why only pieces of clouds were observed within the swell that is low on the horizon. </div><div><br /></div><div>The local wind in the free atmosphere was generating wind waves that were superimposed on the swells. The graphics below summarize the larger scale process of swells and wind waves within the conceptual model of the warm conveyor belt. Together, these graphics actually explain the details of what we observed. </div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8wcUBMREdsisqo-FniKK8eyF4OkEybEDlIW3Xe_CKjJ3Xge3e5jTkSYmWi8kFyFqs75lK3vDLGdkyr9rhnBxwWRK666M5jtn-gAMUIE-0B9dPNAk8EKn_q6cnhPEigp83G3WOHeHh1TzPbPG8hI91vUgi-tl1f8QuVaDbFSX-nXDD5e5Hn2LdaW46/s1481/Wind-Waves-Swells-3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="841" data-original-width="1481" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8wcUBMREdsisqo-FniKK8eyF4OkEybEDlIW3Xe_CKjJ3Xge3e5jTkSYmWi8kFyFqs75lK3vDLGdkyr9rhnBxwWRK666M5jtn-gAMUIE-0B9dPNAk8EKn_q6cnhPEigp83G3WOHeHh1TzPbPG8hI91vUgi-tl1f8QuVaDbFSX-nXDD5e5Hn2LdaW46/w400-h228/Wind-Waves-Swells-3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Wind Waves and Swells Explained <br />Using Atmospheric Frame of Reference Winds</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>I have also written about these processes in <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2021/12/keep-open-mind.html" target="_blank">Keep an Open Mind</a> and <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2021/10/sunrise-or-sunset-seeing-even-more.html" target="_blank">Sunrise or Sunset - Seeing Even More Gravity Wave Clouds</a> as well as elsewhere... (but I forget just where at the moment)<br /><br />I do hope that this is clear and that I have not confused anyone... The bottom line of this weather story written in the clouds was that <b><i>cirrostratus was coming at us</i></b> and it would begin raining overnight. The rain would continue for more than a day with 11.2 mm being measured at Singleton. <div><br /></div><div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div><p><br /></p></div><br />The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-12063260325697802332022-04-19T08:40:00.026-04:002022-04-19T08:46:36.180-04:00Science Tuesday - Smelling the Roses<p style="text-align: center;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsJjVjPxzOCELw59QpeqN_5hYZu7Yc3P6rcyR0wUYrn8WYzSp191ELFAoBz9RiSwJKzn5-51_iWHQ_6NfFZDgdGcRF3kIRrWNMCweIUIZMAACZtoZHPm4b0lR0cowII2NKH1Z9tA3Rr2VsVOPQ82q6A_glVTtRtrgE28G018v2xFqqq9sQw-p8hxBj/s800/2623.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="672" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsJjVjPxzOCELw59QpeqN_5hYZu7Yc3P6rcyR0wUYrn8WYzSp191ELFAoBz9RiSwJKzn5-51_iWHQ_6NfFZDgdGcRF3kIRrWNMCweIUIZMAACZtoZHPm4b0lR0cowII2NKH1Z9tA3Rr2VsVOPQ82q6A_glVTtRtrgE28G018v2xFqqq9sQw-p8hxBj/s320/2623.JPG" width="269" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2623 "Red Cedar Shelter 12x10 panel</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;">This is the weather equivalent of stopping to smell the roses. I posted a painting of this red cedar in <a href="https://philchadwickart.blogspot.com/2022/04/2623-red-cedar-shelter.html" target="_blank">#2623 "Red Cedar Shelter</a>" just yesterday and lee cyclogenesis has provided a beautiful April snowfall. This event summarizes the science of the past four months and we only need to enjoy. We do not need to investigate the terminal velocity of snowflakes today. </div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy9ATw2AJL1b7wOxk8SBozbkHZ_wNrkHODfln-sO7-sk1NXqmdIBXZs3UpRAJ08Qqxj5HLJPU4EGkPULLUJlQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">We started in January with "<a href="https://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/01/know-wind.html" target="_blank">Know the Wind</a>". If you know the wind, you will learn the weather. Each week we added to the science culminating with Rossby waves and "<a href="https://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/04/the-weather-race-of-alberta-clippers.html" target="_blank">The Weather Race of Alberta Clippers and Prairie Schooners</a>" last Tuesday. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Today we relax and enjoy the snow and the science that we have embraced. Science, art and the meaning of life are all entwined together... </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div></div><p></p><br />The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-72468460294607718262022-04-11T17:59:00.109-04:002022-04-13T09:29:54.492-04:00The Weather Race of Alberta Clippers and Prairie Schooners... <p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeo_deeRL58OV0jXl8fqRqq7v-WU5ta2mhSGoKtFwk8ALP7uLYz5zwccU5Z2piE76VpXgZTx23mTC3xrEcFWshCh8y2l_CfF264ZQABrZgIEtlC1TDcvu0J_Trnd-PpAp7lgLdk6bBr72hzfFdAkz-3GYuI1CLcx3MJc0bfmklT9boAV6xVpSNa2uZ/s800/2609.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="800" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeo_deeRL58OV0jXl8fqRqq7v-WU5ta2mhSGoKtFwk8ALP7uLYz5zwccU5Z2piE76VpXgZTx23mTC3xrEcFWshCh8y2l_CfF264ZQABrZgIEtlC1TDcvu0J_Trnd-PpAp7lgLdk6bBr72hzfFdAkz-3GYuI1CLcx3MJc0bfmklT9boAV6xVpSNa2uZ/s320/2609.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2609 "Jim Day Rapids Point" 16x20<br />Lots of snow from a slow moving Prairie Schooner</td></tr></tbody></table><br />The laws of physics make perfect sense even if we might not fully understand them. Operationally, in the weather forecast office, one cannot afford the time to go back to first principles and savour the science. The forecast needs to go out on time if not early. A late forecast becomes just an observation and not much help in giving people the opportunity to plan for life, safety and their economy. <p></p><p>There were many times on shift when something unexpected appeared in the data and I wondered why! What does that pattern really mean? Nature is always right. I often did not have the luxury of time to investigate those facts. Retirement means I have more hours now… and that also explains the motivation behind these blogs… and sharing the beauty of nature, science and art. They can all really be the same. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_EwpHjIfWeb4QnrUMAKOLHkreqz7fKIXlmAdBdZ0AJLUwN8UN-2sKtu7ZT0ApF-W5Qeygm7c_kmY1gWJQ5kTQZLeCt4hq_BmRw7GK64dIjeEEHDJO6n_kLCNa33A_lRoITbyjERhLYgmFuoIISDcczUq19w-lqsIKEg1XNF-3dmz0aiZn-ePcJ7-G/s527/Rossby-Time.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="527" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_EwpHjIfWeb4QnrUMAKOLHkreqz7fKIXlmAdBdZ0AJLUwN8UN-2sKtu7ZT0ApF-W5Qeygm7c_kmY1gWJQ5kTQZLeCt4hq_BmRw7GK64dIjeEEHDJO6n_kLCNa33A_lRoITbyjERhLYgmFuoIISDcczUq19w-lqsIKEg1XNF-3dmz0aiZn-ePcJ7-G/s320/Rossby-Time.jpg" width="243" /></a></div>Last Science Tuesday in “<a href="(http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/04/alberta-clippers-and-prairie-schooners.html" target="_blank">Alberta Clippers and Prairie Schooners</a>” I promised to explain why short wavelength weather systems travelled faster than larger storms. I used this science of differential system speeds to explain why I would warn for every Prairie Schooner but maybe not for an Alberta Clipper. My operational mantra was that “small waves moved about half of the 500 mb winds and faster than longer wavelength storms. Really large waves might even retrograde… propagate upstream against the jet stream winds.” We owe the science behind this to figure skaters, conserving spin (angular momentum) and the Einstein of meteorology and a giant of weather prediction, Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby (1898-1957). <p></p><p>In “<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/03/revisiting-mountain-ranges-and.html" target="_blank">Revisiting Mountain Ranges and Conserving Spin </a>“, we examined how the jet stream crossing a mountain barrier could create a ridge of high pressure over and upstream from that barrier with a lee trough downstream. Conserving spin in the columns of air flowing over the mountain explained almost everything. In “<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/03/lee-cyclogenesis.html" target="_blank">Lee Cyclogenesis</a>” we described how conserving spin also resulted in very important weather events that formed in the lee of those mountains. Colorado lows can be even more important than Alberta Clippers!</p><p>There still remains an important process to explain how to differentiate between these storms and once again, conserving total spin on a rotating sphere is essential. Rossby firmly established this science in 1939. Incredible! He made terrific achievements in understanding the flow of fluids without computers and numerical modelling. We will do the same and you may not be surprised to discover that I will use the deformation zone conceptual model to do so... </p><p>An important secondary circulation develops when the parcels of air follow the wave pattern downstream from the mountains. The <b><i>total spin</i></b> of those air parcels must be conserved but that spinning air also impacts the flow and the fluid. I have sketched a weather wave in the accompanying graphic. The wave is also called a planetary wave or even more appropriately, a Rossby wave. These wave patterns are a fact of life in rotating fluids, such as the shallow skin of atmosphere on our rotating Earth. The wave is identical to what one might expect when a strong wind crosses a mountain although I did not include the barrier in the graphic. The dashed grey line can be considered to be the path of the initial strong wind, i.e. blowing from West to East (but that is another story). The air parcels themselves follow the wave pattern that can be seen in the height contours on a weather map – something I explained in an earlier Blog “<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/03/mountains-and-balancing-spin.html" target="_blank">Mountains and Balancing Spin</a>”. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjErgAqe7MKTDKnlbx2G2V3jlNXHt26hCo-bjLZdrYm1bTARCgEWOIuIWh9GBv12miZ9K0g85PSO1DPyXLlaUfzGycxADLl08xBgYUHVMZQPp1um5bLteT6Tbme25m_QtgcLSfO7TKxR0vFjJwtPx8O7HTjnqpCkJohKRXLcGU8XCvj2ntmtAilU4FS/s1176/Rossby-Explanation1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="820" data-original-width="1176" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjErgAqe7MKTDKnlbx2G2V3jlNXHt26hCo-bjLZdrYm1bTARCgEWOIuIWh9GBv12miZ9K0g85PSO1DPyXLlaUfzGycxADLl08xBgYUHVMZQPp1um5bLteT6Tbme25m_QtgcLSfO7TKxR0vFjJwtPx8O7HTjnqpCkJohKRXLcGU8XCvj2ntmtAilU4FS/w400-h279/Rossby-Explanation1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div>In the graphic I assigned an initial zero spin to an air parcel that is following the wave pattern and deviating from the dashed line. I use the figure skater analogy to simply facilitate the comprehension of the spin of the air parcel. A skater tracking along the flow over the ridge initially moves toward the pole where cyclonic planetary spin is higher. In order to conserve the <i><b>total spin</b></i>, the skater must slow its cyclonic spin down. Since they have no spin to start with, the skater starts to rotate anticyclonically. The <b><i>sum total </i></b>of the planetary and skater spin must always remain unchanged. The skater turns toward the equator at the crest of the ridge and starts to gradually shed the anticyclonic spin on the way to the zero spin dashed line. </div><p>As the skater pursues the wave pattern into the trough, they pass through the dashed line of zero spin. Recall that the cyclonic planetary spin always decreases toward the equator. The skater now must experience an increase in cyclonic spin to make up for the loss of planetary spin after crossing the dashed line. At the bottom of the trough, the skater turns to head north again and the cyclonic spin slows down. This process gets repeated again and again and the result is a Rossby wave. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio2nZEJyODhqZELBxglYWZfzOIMre-UKekyXMZu61M7x54jUApXneCdKP_1UPSOKjGvtFHyZaJ-HjZrtimAWgTrDklag_O7FyUYOG5mrJuqSISqqhKqscvpvhv6kr_7-ksbg6v5UGa0JpN1qScBNv6cLb-DSu_CUCsocju1JGfAgbfA6fjYNmX7_UW/s1470/Rossby-Explanation4.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1470" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio2nZEJyODhqZELBxglYWZfzOIMre-UKekyXMZu61M7x54jUApXneCdKP_1UPSOKjGvtFHyZaJ-HjZrtimAWgTrDklag_O7FyUYOG5mrJuqSISqqhKqscvpvhv6kr_7-ksbg6v5UGa0JpN1qScBNv6cLb-DSu_CUCsocju1JGfAgbfA6fjYNmX7_UW/w400-h223/Rossby-Explanation4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>In this next graphic, I illustrate a chain of skaters distributed along the wave - all with the proper amount of spin required by their distribution on the Earth with respect to the initial dashed grey line. This spin acquired by each skater is required to make up for the northward excesses of cyclonic planetary spin as well as the southward deficits of planetary spin. The cumulative pattern of the spinning skaters required to conserve the total spin is identical to the flow found with a deformation zone! The axis of contraction flow of the deformation zone points directly toward the col and is the wind that moves the original long-dashed Rossby wave upstream. (see the deformation zone conceptual model below for a refresher). There are only skaters on one side of the deformation zone so that they move the wave pattern in the direction of the axis of contraction flow that created them. This shifted wave is the solid and thicker line in the graphic. The Rossby wave retrogrades against the flow as a result of the spinning skaters interacting with the planetary spin on a rotating Earth. Amazing!<div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihBiseVMjy2hhEIrn7xuLiyzSyLT75n51ShkcjmoAneAF_AcjOP626WkQ4mKQnu0uPnCAgFTQxmZSqdZ850YovMs4LeeuwUxe6rCz6aO92o10hZkLSI3ZpPg79OXjyFXht7tZFyD3YlUIuVUJ97_5uPjpPZnEbi-rQzVLYffNuLocvvX_qZi5vLHzP/s689/Deformation-Zone-Parts-rotated.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="689" data-original-width="573" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihBiseVMjy2hhEIrn7xuLiyzSyLT75n51ShkcjmoAneAF_AcjOP626WkQ4mKQnu0uPnCAgFTQxmZSqdZ850YovMs4LeeuwUxe6rCz6aO92o10hZkLSI3ZpPg79OXjyFXht7tZFyD3YlUIuVUJ97_5uPjpPZnEbi-rQzVLYffNuLocvvX_qZi5vLHzP/w266-h320/Deformation-Zone-Parts-rotated.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Blue N</b></span> in the upper right of this <br />Deformation Zone Conceptual Model is analogous <br />to the <span style="color: #2b00fe;">Blue </span>Spinning Figure Skaters. <br />The <span style="color: red;"><b>Red X</b></span> in the lower right relates to the<br /><span style="color: red;">Red </span>Spinning Figure Skaters.</td></tr></tbody></table><div>I have discussed deformation zones (DZ) many times before in these Art and Science Blogs. See "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/03/a-closer-look-at-lines-in-sky.html " target="_blank">A Closer Look at Lines in the Sky</a>" among many others. I repeat the fundamental conceptual model of the Deformation Zone here. The right half of the conceptual model is what I have applied above. <br /><div><div><br /></div></div></div><div>The next graphic illustrates how size is important in determining the intensity of the secondary spinning circulations and thus the speed that the Rossby wave crests and troughs (Rossby wave phase speed) move upstream. Imagine the chain of skaters almost holding hands and skating together. The spin of one skater must influence the adjacent skaters both up and downstream - not so simple vector addition. The Rossby wave reacts and moves. While working operationally, I imagined chains of Sumo wrestler skaters versus toddlers just learning to skate. I also wondered if Rossby had these daydream movies playing in his mind. Most of my mental movies occurred on midnight shifts. </div><div><br /></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="822" data-original-width="1474" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjRXMawI4Dq2BMtha3qQAar8-E5EwnrUfFliQUcEq2SEmzOuluaBTbqMkBNp7XisLDDmUoELaZ5HN2p7KFs40bDT1l9-FYPtsItbExONjY2NQ9SVrbWobXKV_M0BYSxdZUpVb53qhdKD9LcRug9QrPNjys1d1ODo7WJIGKfP_0Gc49SGU3u90XeSRX/w400-h223/Rossby-Explanation3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top: Toddler figure skater with short wavelength and small Upstream Rossby Phase Speed<br />Bottom: Me dressed as a Sumo Wrestler-large wavelength producing <br />a large Upstream Rossby Phase Speed matching the Jet Stream</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjRXMawI4Dq2BMtha3qQAar8-E5EwnrUfFliQUcEq2SEmzOuluaBTbqMkBNp7XisLDDmUoELaZ5HN2p7KFs40bDT1l9-FYPtsItbExONjY2NQ9SVrbWobXKV_M0BYSxdZUpVb53qhdKD9LcRug9QrPNjys1d1ODo7WJIGKfP_0Gc49SGU3u90XeSRX/s1474/Rossby-Explanation3.jpg"><span style="color: black;"></span></a></div><br /><div>The skater size is related to the Rossby wavelength. The secondary circulations required to conserve spin would be correspondingly small for a toddler skater. The Rossby wave phase speed would be equally small and probably much less than the speed of the jet stream that created the initial Rossby wave. The speed of the weather system relative to us living on Earth, is the vector sum of the jet stream winds and the Rossby wave phase speed. The small weather system must move quickly along in the direction of the jet stream but not quite as fast – the 50% rule of thumb that I was taught on MOC (Meteorology Orientation Course) Number 33 way back in 1976. My background was Nuclear Physics and Mathematics and I certainly needed some intensive meteorological training!</div><div><br /></div><div><div>A Rossby wave comprised of Sumo wrestler figure skaters also performing together, is an entirely different story. I have performed this Sumo wrestler dance many times to explain these concepts in the weather centre. I am not sure if anyone appreciated where I was headed with those antics but the dance certainly entertained and made my co-workers smile if not laugh . The secondary circulations required to conserve spin for Sumo wrestlers are very large. The Rossby wave phase speed would be equally large and possibly stronger than the jet stream. The larger Rossby wave will certainly be slower moving or even retrograde upstream toward the west. </div><div><br /></div><div>And there we have it! Short Rossby wavelength systems are likely to be carried with the jet stream. As the wavelength of the Rossby wave gradually increases, the weather moves ever slower and may even start to head upstream. And this is why I warned for the longer wavelength Prairie Schooners and possibly not for the shorter wavelength Alberta Clippers. </div><div><br /></div><div>My friend, retired Professor Ed Lozowski of the University of Alberta, has read this Blog. He suggested another interesting analogy of the long wavelength pattern moving upstream in the flow to be similar to a huge salmon whereas the smaller waves get flushed with the flow like minnows. Ed made several thoughtful, accurate suggestions and refinements and I am indebted to his breadth of knowledge and generosity. I own any and all errors that might remain. </div><div><br /></div><div>There are many ways to examine nature and to try to understand the science. Rossby liked the rigourous mathematics of differential equations but the results must be physically the same whatever your favourite analogy might be. Rossby was really quite incredible.</div><div><br /></div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-63639273027209394842022-04-04T18:02:00.089-04:002022-04-05T04:33:41.579-04:00Alberta Clippers and Prairie Schooners<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj47k31C7PRMGvTYN1lyupUohGodlv7ueAipJTb9S8OU9JtaLgCoIxHcEcegMliHyR9URfvT4sTrp0wC6X6hyO49zgHr4hQF7lejK1fwfSey28qynqiWCKLKd2KusnDBgQ6QON4SxBW4ADzs3Rd9PwtQl3EGSLlX8T8IMykLF7kuK4X1TEx2jpwIcD/s800/2611.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="638" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj47k31C7PRMGvTYN1lyupUohGodlv7ueAipJTb9S8OU9JtaLgCoIxHcEcegMliHyR9URfvT4sTrp0wC6X6hyO49zgHr4hQF7lejK1fwfSey28qynqiWCKLKd2KusnDBgQ6QON4SxBW4ADzs3Rd9PwtQl3EGSLlX8T8IMykLF7kuK4X1TEx2jpwIcD/s320/2611.JPG" width="255" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2611 "Winter Tree Tunnel" <br />20x16 inches oils gallery wrapped<br />40 centimetres of Singleton snow <br />after a Prairie Schooner</td></tr></tbody></table><br />In the past few Science Stories, we have established how lee cyclogenesis is linked to conserving the spin of a <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/03/revisiting-mountain-ranges-and.html" target="_blank">figure skater</a>. We briefly investigated how the temperatures of the equatorial Pacific Ocean influences the location of the jet stream and why there were more Alberta Clippers in a<span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/03/lee-cyclogenesis.html" target="_blank">LaNiña</a> </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">year like 2022. These storms are an essential part of the global balance. Weather results from an imbalance in one or all of the basic components of the energy cycle: heat, cold, water, electrical charge and there are certainly other forms of energy to juggle and try to distribute judiciously.</span></span><p></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">In advance of a low pressure area (a storm), warm and moist air is moved northward. In the wake of that low, cold and relatively dry air is moved southward. The pressure pattern that results is really a wave in the atmosphere … the downstream ridge is separated from the upstream trough by the storm and the next upstream ridge. Together the atmospheric wave which is the storm attempts to keep the earth in balance. The wavelength is from one ridge to the next. </span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">The impact of an atmospheric wave is related to its size - just like waves on the ocean. Winter weather can also have more impact than summer. Although severe summer convection can be extremely exciting and dangerous, the impacts on society and the economy are often more important with the winds, temperature and precipitation of “ordinary”, everyday winter weather. Such is the case with Alberta Clippers and this is where we have been headed all along. </span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj320bysG2BVwUveWFHgD5y-3Lj5ajU_52TgLKG6pWmTZGTUMDVb857_aHfS7Sf7NxeH9zky6Tb_k3fsAeVD-R_8WiDzWap9TMhDz_g3DIacAylSaYxmhVtxTOTKR4lYKvjCE6hD_9eCh4dMggrDUj5M__N1VgHQk_v335ZGyw0iYvTn2A2vxccn8_/s746/Alberta-Clipper1.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="691" data-original-width="746" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj320bysG2BVwUveWFHgD5y-3Lj5ajU_52TgLKG6pWmTZGTUMDVb857_aHfS7Sf7NxeH9zky6Tb_k3fsAeVD-R_8WiDzWap9TMhDz_g3DIacAylSaYxmhVtxTOTKR4lYKvjCE6hD_9eCh4dMggrDUj5M__N1VgHQk_v335ZGyw0iYvTn2A2vxccn8_/s320/Alberta-Clipper1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Genesis Stage of an Alberta Clipper</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">The impacts of Alberta clippers also vary with the size of the storm. The scale of an individual clipper varies with the strength of the jet stream crossing the Rockies, the size and intensity of the lee cyclogenesis and the temperature contrast across the frontal zone. There are other factors for sure but let’s keep this simple. We will even start with some history. </span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">The name “Alberta Clipper” was coined in the late 1960s by Rheinhart Harms, a meteorologist at the U.S. National Weather Service Office in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Rheinhart witnessed the rapid speed of these snow storms as they crossed the Prairies. I undoubtedly heard the term when I entered the world of meteorology in the 1970s. It would take until the 1990s for that phrase to enter the scientific literature.</span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Alberta clippers are frequent winter forecast challenges and can occur every few days in rapid succession just as they did in February 2022. The first clue is to witness the jet stream crossing the Alberta Rockies nearly perpendicularly. A chinook arch is typical when those westerly winds charge down the lee slopes to dig the lee the trough. The chinook brings relatively warm weather approaching 10 °C even in the middle of winter. Lee cyclogenesis follows as the energy of the jet stream and the “<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/03/revisiting-mountain-ranges-and.html" style="font-size: medium;" target="_blank">figure skater</a>” is transformed into a low pressure area and wave that then ripples along with the jet stream.</span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">The clippers approach fast. Snowfall amounts with these systems tend to be small with only 3 to 8 cm being typical. The lack of moisture and short duration keep the accumulation well below the warning impact threshold of 15 cm per 12 hours. </span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">The wind and the wind chills can be more important for the typical clipper. Temperatures typically drop 15 to 20 Celsius degrees in just a few hours behind the clipper cold front. Blowing and drifting of even the small amounts of snow can make travel treacherous in whiteout conditions. These situations can approach warning criteria. </span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN7moOK8_IXKJUsyVr8lYLt2c1MM03wLce6TN084VlnkjIdDAgFjITUcv8X8-7Rkd4OnhOtoRGvgJeMKuDXsv4WaDrHmKftrHQJsiJX6ERYC0Dx1OsfATcNAvyEZv21Cup7OMCl4DPAPsLWHLGhIlbs8VijGMupYisxapMM87dh1qH2KZCe7LURSHL/s780/Alberta-Clipper2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="696" data-original-width="780" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN7moOK8_IXKJUsyVr8lYLt2c1MM03wLce6TN084VlnkjIdDAgFjITUcv8X8-7Rkd4OnhOtoRGvgJeMKuDXsv4WaDrHmKftrHQJsiJX6ERYC0Dx1OsfATcNAvyEZv21Cup7OMCl4DPAPsLWHLGhIlbs8VijGMupYisxapMM87dh1qH2KZCe7LURSHL/s320/Alberta-Clipper2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alberta Clipper crossing the Great Lakes</td></tr></tbody></table>As the clipper cross the Great Lakes, the dynamics of the storm can change. When combined, the five great lakes represent a huge source of heat and moisture as well as lower friction. The inland seas also provide the opportunity for the generation of snowsqualls when those strong, cold Arctic winds blow over the open waters of the lakes. Snowsqualls bring significant snow accumulations onshore as well as extensive whiteout conditions – that is another story that we call lake-effect snow. Suffice it to say that Alberta Clippers can take on a different and potentially dangerous character when they cross the Great Lakes to affect Ontario, Quebec and the north-eastern United States. <p></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">I spent a large part of my meteorological career very concerned about how Alberta Clippers would influence my forecast regions. In the early 1990’s I was looking for a simple way to differentiate between the impact and the threat of each of these storms emerging every few days from the Rockies of Alberta. The larger the storm, the more probable that warning criteria would be breached and this could all be summarized by the speed of the clipper. </span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">I started using the phrase “Prairie Schooner” to describe these larger storms that would produce warning criteria weather. Clippers were built for speed but for me, schooners delivered the goods! Often, clippers were rebuilt into schooners as they crossed the “Great Lakes Aggregate” as we described the combined effects of those inland seas. As I recall, clippers would sail along at about 30 knots but schooners moved slower at only 20 knots. I kept careful histories of the track and speed of these storms emerging from Alberta. Any clipper that was slowing down to 20 knots was doing so for good meteorological reasons and I would get ready to hoist the warnings and rebrand that weather event as a Prairie Schooner. </span></span></p><p></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">The science of the storm was all embedded in the speed of the system. Temperature contrast, precipitation rate and duration, latent heat … there is a long list that goes into determining the size of the storm. And size determines the wavelength which governs the speed. </span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">In 2005 my meteorological career took me to COMET (<a href="https://www.comet.ucar.edu/">https://www.comet.ucar.edu/</a>) in Boulder, Colorado. I recall that the acronym stands for something like “Cooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Education and Training” but no one in that office even uses that anymore. Some of these Blogs were turned into Training Modules by the professional team of instructional designers, scientists, graphic artists, multimedia developers, and information technologists of COMET, UCAR and NOAA’s National Weather Service. After seven years in Boulder, I gradually retired during the course of the last decade – but not totally. </span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">The distinction between Alberta Clippers and Prairie Schooners has possibly been forgotten or perhaps I did not explain the concepts well enough. This Blog was intended to mend the sails on that ship – the concepts are simple, effective and fun at the same time. </span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Next week we will explain why small Alberta Clippers are faster than Prairie Schooners. It will all make sense with the assistance of meteorologist Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby and our friend the figure skater as we conserve spin also known as angular momentum. </span></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water, be safe,</span></span></p><p></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</span></span></p><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-34518482223723078222022-03-28T06:32:00.000-04:002022-03-28T06:32:18.610-04:00Lee Cyclogenesis<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBY5tIkS7iuhsVvhZoOfF--r5yMWkWeAMdmnEanr6xavI5DScOPDN2FLvByPkZ_eV1fzBq9_0FxSXAyba-GfUkdQ6SGxhT8X8x7FvR17Wpwsz3gJt5GC5b_o_9mrF8WCkjvycwr1yjpa_m0MWtTPguZIUCoyoTHHck1AUSv4NiuWxFU2VY7-6hxZAt/s800/2618.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="796" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBY5tIkS7iuhsVvhZoOfF--r5yMWkWeAMdmnEanr6xavI5DScOPDN2FLvByPkZ_eV1fzBq9_0FxSXAyba-GfUkdQ6SGxhT8X8x7FvR17Wpwsz3gJt5GC5b_o_9mrF8WCkjvycwr1yjpa_m0MWtTPguZIUCoyoTHHck1AUSv4NiuWxFU2VY7-6hxZAt/s320/2618.JPG" width="318" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2618 "Flurry of Saturday Afternoon Activity"<br />10x10 inches depicting the weather of <br />an Alberta Clipper, February 2022</td></tr></tbody></table><br />I no longer look at the weather as closely as I did. I spend more time painting now. But these Blog exercises allow me to revisit the meteorology and maybe relearn it better. Being retired, I can take that time to really savour the science and the beauty of how nature works. My goal is to spread that joy of nature to others. Appreciation of the natural world is the first and most important step in its preservation. <p></p><p>Knowing the weather requires knowing the wind. We have been aiming at understanding the wind for the past couple of months. </p><p>To quickly recap, we explained how the <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/01/the-answer-really-is-blowing-in-wind.html" target="_blank">pressure gradient</a>, <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/02/another-look-at-wind.html" target="_blank">Coriolis and centrifugal forces</a> create wind in the free atmosphere on the spinning Earth. We added in the force of <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/02/adding-friction-to-wind-balance.html" target="_blank">friction </a>to better understand how winds move near the surface. Finally we spent a couple of week’s figure skating and <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/03/angular-momentum-spins-up-winds-of.html" target="_blank">conserving spin</a> while moving that wind over mountains. We arrived at a better appreciation of why there is a ridge of high pressure over and upstream from those mountains and a trough of low pressure downstream. And that leads us to the lee cyclogenesis of storms and some very important weather. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCZ7BC88BI-nGu19BgXYiaI_R4oWEF373O7YDw7khiVppnSrk2De4HlWFXbFYPtB7CG0Ov8-6czCXur4CzySic3Kkpxp0fbSwngeg5reXUoZXkD4b_ASnKSKs6218lHyeXM6UaGPuLgtMlsgH5eBqll_jsQRu25eAdQ-DK5WYDTvFC4yZNrmTU_xnC/s1178/Lee-cyclogenesis-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="820" data-original-width="1178" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCZ7BC88BI-nGu19BgXYiaI_R4oWEF373O7YDw7khiVppnSrk2De4HlWFXbFYPtB7CG0Ov8-6czCXur4CzySic3Kkpxp0fbSwngeg5reXUoZXkD4b_ASnKSKs6218lHyeXM6UaGPuLgtMlsgH5eBqll_jsQRu25eAdQ-DK5WYDTvFC4yZNrmTU_xnC/s320/Lee-cyclogenesis-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Lee cyclogenesis is a very reliable forecast when strong winds cross the Rockies… nearly perpendicular. The storms that result are determined by where the jet stream crosses those mountains and are typically named by the location of the subsequent lee trough. You have most certainly heard of Alberta Clippers, Colorado, Texas and Gulf Storms. The meteorology behind every storm is unique so that these averages are just my generalizations. If you put five meteorologists in a room, you are likely to get six opinions. Mark Twain might have said that “all generalizations are false, including this one” but generalizations can be useful so let’s continue. <p></p><p>You might be surprised to appreciate that our weather is shaped by what happens over the Pacific - the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The typical jet stream locations in La Niña years are the black line generalizations in these graphics. The preferred La Niña locations of the jet stream flows are in dark blue. </p><p>In El Niño years, the mid latitude polar jet stream can be diverted by a large, warm and dry ridge of high pressure. This large ridge can spread mild winters temperatures all the way eastward to Ontario. The southern, subtropical or Pacific jet stream is directed more across the extreme southern US in the El Niño phase. The science behind ENSO is extremely interesting and important story too but best left for another day. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJn0a0Gm87dIJH6Bl6MrAtXe6PAF6KkluKY87XqJDcuhtRUOEVvD5eRE0wCtNp97aLdID5rapSrL8te8xlqMdiyBh1dUhO1tfOuE1E5rJvH4x0MrnNYG1WkU8SDjogKAZ1_XsVROMmfb0CVc7YJzfSixCwvR0iDYwp4fhtRaDXbs8YZ64DrRU32jo/s1409/Lee-cyclogenesis-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="1409" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJn0a0Gm87dIJH6Bl6MrAtXe6PAF6KkluKY87XqJDcuhtRUOEVvD5eRE0wCtNp97aLdID5rapSrL8te8xlqMdiyBh1dUhO1tfOuE1E5rJvH4x0MrnNYG1WkU8SDjogKAZ1_XsVROMmfb0CVc7YJzfSixCwvR0iDYwp4fhtRaDXbs8YZ64DrRU32jo/s320/Lee-cyclogenesis-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and<br />Jet Stream Location Generalizations<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDDawGqD75w7S37gU3A82D7SBssAGazGPrqaDv_WfT_v1FhL8e6-Bap27kh0r9ngDM630AL5sBzl29PSzawvSq49TP2aSo-1Zz7r-UrRIlfIXQMLv0XoTXl0gxG22BTOC75D88PK2Yl08sJlZ4Tq45ltumauHUtTZSBlDQv3qjQ917NaJ_WlsKtBtw/s489/6th-Warmest-Feb-NA.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="489" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDDawGqD75w7S37gU3A82D7SBssAGazGPrqaDv_WfT_v1FhL8e6-Bap27kh0r9ngDM630AL5sBzl29PSzawvSq49TP2aSo-1Zz7r-UrRIlfIXQMLv0XoTXl0gxG22BTOC75D88PK2Yl08sJlZ4Tq45ltumauHUtTZSBlDQv3qjQ917NaJ_WlsKtBtw/s320/6th-Warmest-Feb-NA.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The average path of the jet stream is revealed <br />from the temperature anomaly for the month.<br /> Remember to place <br />your left hand in the cold blue <br />and your right hand in the warm red <br />and you are looking <br />in the direction of the wind. The 6th warmest <br />February on record was actually cold <br />over eastern North America. </td></tr></tbody></table>This past winter was characterized by the La Niña phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The jet stream is variable in location but is typically centred over the mid latitudes from southern British Columbia and Alberta to Colorado. This should be no surprise given how many Alberta Clippers raced across the Prairies and the Great Lakes Basin this past winter. From my vantage in eastern Ontario, it was a refreshingly typical cold season full of cold, snow, ice and wind... and it is not over yet. </div><div><br /></div><div>You might also be surprised that this cold pattern over eastern North America is the direct result of Global warming. I have explained this process many times but not today. The climate is changing dramatically as a result of human activity. In the short term, eastern Ontario will be spared from the baking inferno to the south and west and also receive precipitation. This cold and snow of winter can be a good thing. </div><div><br /></div><div>The equatorial sea surface temperatures were below average across the eastern Pacific Ocean (La Niña) this past winter and the odds are 53% that this pattern will continue into the Northern Hemisphere summer ... but that is another story. Through my research in performance measurement, I discovered a pattern that supercellular convection (the kind that is responsible for almost all severe thunderstorm events) was favoured over pulse type thunderstorms during the La Niña phase of ENSO. There are very good meteorological reasons for this but I needed more time and data to be certain of those facts and that is another story as well. So many stories... so little time. </div><div><br /></div><div>Next week we can bring an end to winter with a revisit to Alberta Clippers and why they are so very important. </div><div><br /></div><div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water, be safe,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-32404671248357453272022-03-21T17:52:00.001-04:002022-03-21T17:52:49.068-04:00Revisiting Mountain Ranges and Conserving Spin<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1TpPXw-LsDMz6f_Nc64NMkOty9SzTlQvH8rUQBoN7zziJW-Ze35AWqqd7ipG1ezb4eyzNdBqbjGFqXzBZz0cMg-Jpu4G4XkpDYh_1VhyXf2gMV9zJSA1oaOV9OCzQXjHEu08z7b9PFKhoyu4tW-sVsqieRuTLVhr20Fd6s_MZjEdsgppN6x_XW2ef=s800" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="800" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1TpPXw-LsDMz6f_Nc64NMkOty9SzTlQvH8rUQBoN7zziJW-Ze35AWqqd7ipG1ezb4eyzNdBqbjGFqXzBZz0cMg-Jpu4G4XkpDYh_1VhyXf2gMV9zJSA1oaOV9OCzQXjHEu08z7b9PFKhoyu4tW-sVsqieRuTLVhr20Fd6s_MZjEdsgppN6x_XW2ef=w400-h319" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2608 "Red Cedar Snow Load" 16x20 inches<br />This snow came from a storm that originated in a lee <br />trough on the eastern flanks of the Canadian Rockies</td></tr></tbody></table><br />In "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/03/mountains-and-balancing-spin.html" target="_blank">Mountains and Balancing Spin</a>", I tried very hard to explain what happens to air flowing over a mountain barrier. Certainly last week’s description of the dynamical processes that occur when the jet stream crosses a mountain was a bit challenging.</p><p>As a Special March Break Version of Science Tuesday, let’s revisit that material in another way before we describe how the mountain ridge of high pressure and the downstream lee trough fundamentally influence our weather. Everyone learns differently but when the concepts get into the grey matter, you will enjoy them for life. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi2GRHz9Wk-XcugmLDp11-RkYYoWwOHA4oDaUKwCTBnyrRD-YIKPiEDVV13c4TprQhQys0t6iemLApgA23sJ2XJcuGN03A_I_CI-v-rMZrZ6Fyz-fBtHY8il5Xew1u1cZ6TYt6-S-_nf3ZbCH3qWSbgBhlVnJH9Sdz4oXvLySIewnmVaZTpzdP6SPPa=s672" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="672" data-original-width="329" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi2GRHz9Wk-XcugmLDp11-RkYYoWwOHA4oDaUKwCTBnyrRD-YIKPiEDVV13c4TprQhQys0t6iemLApgA23sJ2XJcuGN03A_I_CI-v-rMZrZ6Fyz-fBtHY8il5Xew1u1cZ6TYt6-S-_nf3ZbCH3qWSbgBhlVnJH9Sdz4oXvLySIewnmVaZTpzdP6SPPa=w157-h320" width="157" /></a></div>Conservation of angular momentum is always important and forever working in the background whether you are a figure skater or air moving on the globe. Changes in the skater’s rate of spin seems like magic when the rapid twirl of an "upright spin" slows to the leisurely rotation of the "camel or Campbell". The slow spin does not look anything like the desert dromedary! Apparently the name arose because it sounded similar to an Australian skater with the Campbell surname who was famous for performing the "camel" spin - both names sound very much the same. <p></p><p>The change in rotational speeds arises because angular momentum must be always conserved if there is no friction. A small girth cylinder will spin much quicker than when the cylinder is squashed and that mass spread further from the axis of rotation. As mentioned, the same experiment can be completed using exercise weights and an swivel chair but figure skaters are more entertaining. The physics is the same.</p><p>The total spin of an air parcel must also be conserved as it crosses a mountain. That total spin is comprised of the spin in the air and the location of that parcel on the spinning Earth - we can call that "planetary spin".</p><p>Crossing the mountain results in the cylinder being squashed on the upwind slope. The resulting slower "camel spin" is offset by a deflection of the air toward the pole and a higher planetary spin. The total spin is unchanged.</p><p>After crossing the summit, the air flowing down the lee slope converts the camel into the upright spin. The quicker spin is offset this time by a deflection toward the equator where there is lower planetary spin. Once again the total spin remains the same. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiNizF_sIirfymlMwCGMkto7hHIRmiRewTpR_nGB0kiUkl8aaRFVfPb0jWjTAytP9gChieE8d8Z4hW73axqDXhOQLRneuKwAblJkm9QiFMw28W5TBui_QQnYhOZgfgO9C-G627Q2Ncn3C8SRcw9AdSU7hb2K2Y1dvd3c62Zpxna0Ydbl0h5YCc51SZa=s816" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="816" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiNizF_sIirfymlMwCGMkto7hHIRmiRewTpR_nGB0kiUkl8aaRFVfPb0jWjTAytP9gChieE8d8Z4hW73axqDXhOQLRneuKwAblJkm9QiFMw28W5TBui_QQnYhOZgfgO9C-G627Q2Ncn3C8SRcw9AdSU7hb2K2Y1dvd3c62Zpxna0Ydbl0h5YCc51SZa=w640-h434" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking Down on a North-South Mountain Range in the Northern Hemisphere<br />and the path of the air as described in words above</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The total spin of the air crossing the mountain means that the air is deflected toward the pole on the upwind slopes and toward the equator to the lee of the mountain. The path of the air is simply the wind. </p><p>From "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/01/the-answer-really-is-blowing-in-wind.html" target="_blank">The Answer Really IS Blowing in the Wind</a>", we know that the wind follows the pressure height contours. As a result, the height contours also follow the path of the air - the wind. And thus we have a ridge of high pressure over and upstream from the mountain and a trough of low pressure in the lee.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8IXhMC8Hz9UnjDXFr8I34oT2JFeIc79ZbH8buRe5qpSy8Z-3DTzyaypJ8rDp-4FHGQAYf4g1exWRaxhu37P54rOU_tstTM-JcuTvmg54wjYX-SWDcMElx-TEZm8HdS-E6d3V1pNp_ly3e84zCmpqiDEyL5j6MxN-k5XpGYUvPVRjktMlDFA_kisaU=s800" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8IXhMC8Hz9UnjDXFr8I34oT2JFeIc79ZbH8buRe5qpSy8Z-3DTzyaypJ8rDp-4FHGQAYf4g1exWRaxhu37P54rOU_tstTM-JcuTvmg54wjYX-SWDcMElx-TEZm8HdS-E6d3V1pNp_ly3e84zCmpqiDEyL5j6MxN-k5XpGYUvPVRjktMlDFA_kisaU=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">700 mb Pressure Contour Map <br />Essentially the Height Above Sea Level <br />where the pressure is 700 mb<br />Averaging around 10 thousand feet above sea level<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi5UzahsWmEzOZJKq5xF_sBGHGlofoV3keRKNlODP-DF__aomjz5TseNdbyGBRNMmUHV7wGLDSvUsZG-KFgML-Rx3DJGJ53zPyV2I6TYupB29ErWyyl1-O3mQnzJNgFVWX-rg182B6xU7EvmF-xq36_0-tKWGMYC-iVvUQjh23Lk_R31w4sAZ13Sz_b=s681" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="681" data-original-width="666" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi5UzahsWmEzOZJKq5xF_sBGHGlofoV3keRKNlODP-DF__aomjz5TseNdbyGBRNMmUHV7wGLDSvUsZG-KFgML-Rx3DJGJ53zPyV2I6TYupB29ErWyyl1-O3mQnzJNgFVWX-rg182B6xU7EvmF-xq36_0-tKWGMYC-iVvUQjh23Lk_R31w4sAZ13Sz_b=s320" width="313" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ridge over the Rockies and Lee Trough<br />of Lower Pressure<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Following the pressure height contours on a weather map is like cattle paths tracing height contours on a topographical map. In the free atmosphere without friction, the winds generally follow the height contours. If your left hand points toward low heights and your right hand to higher heights, you must be looking in the direction of the gradient wind. <p>That ridge of high pressure over the mountains of western North America and the trough of low pressure in the lee of the Rockies, means a lot for our weather. The Rockies don't move much so the forecast problem reduces to predicting when strong winds will blow roughly perpendicular to the mountain range. The lee troughs have favourite formation locations - western Wyoming and Colorado is one, southern Alberta is another!</p><p>Weather is not magic. It can be understood just like appreciating when angular momentum is conserved and figure skaters produce marvellous displays while conserving spin. Skating and the weather can be amazing but they are not magic.</p><p>The forces acting on air moving over the mountain reach a physical solution that creates a ridge of high pressure over and upstream and a trough in the lee of that barrier. Air impacting perpendicular to a mountain on a spinning Earth has to move according to the laws of physics and conserve angular momentum… spin. Any confusion that results from this explanation is purely my responsibility. </p><p>Now what does that mean for the weather? Lots! But let's save that for next week. </p><p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</p><p>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</p>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-85176218324802965072022-03-14T14:53:00.002-04:002022-03-14T14:53:46.039-04:00Mountains and Balancing Spin<p></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiR8cJYrLfRmSE0jn6p65F9k21RBn9oRLiCas2emNKO60rmz9GXdNnBSbw7WF13DNB8LjGznThEO3qF3HVXQJn6F_WGd0AcYrUPeJKF_M5ib5vt8rnxZp8MlHGuAIBk_KsurV3z2491S6-50tzdXO5YwL2te_sV-FpOCpguFbioCN3FxQsDReJrPhfL=s800" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="800" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiR8cJYrLfRmSE0jn6p65F9k21RBn9oRLiCas2emNKO60rmz9GXdNnBSbw7WF13DNB8LjGznThEO3qF3HVXQJn6F_WGd0AcYrUPeJKF_M5ib5vt8rnxZp8MlHGuAIBk_KsurV3z2491S6-50tzdXO5YwL2te_sV-FpOCpguFbioCN3FxQsDReJrPhfL=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#0610 "Wild Life"<br />Big storms that bring lots of snow like this requires<br />looking at the mountains and spin... </td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Last Science Tuesday in “<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/03/angular-momentum-spins-up-winds-of.html" target="_blank">Angular Momentum Spins Up the Winds of Climate</a>”, we were all in a spin about the conserved nature of angular momentum and figure skaters. Lots of wonderful nature exists as a result of living on a globe spinning on an axis tilted toward a star. The sun is our source of all energy, past, present and future.</p><p class="MsoNormal">The total angular momentum of our figure skater is actually comprised of two parts. The dominant portion that we examined last week is the large and exciting component comprised of the rapidly rotating skater on the ice. The other portion that is always in the background, results from the location of the skating rink. If the rink is at the North Pole (the northern tip of the Earth’s axis of rotation), our skater and everyone else in that arena rotates once every day. That rotation is fast considering that we are simply standing there doing nothing. Pointing the thumb of our Coriolis Hand upward means that our fingers are curled in the same sense as the cyclonic rotation. The meteorological convention is that cyclonic rotation is positive and in the same sense as the rotation of the Earth. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">To make things easier, we had also better point out that angular momentum has two aspects – the speed of rotation (spin) and the pointing direction of the rotation axis. At the North Pole the rotation axis of the skater is aligned with the rotation axis of the Earth. The cyclonic spin of the skater is augmented by the cyclonic spin of the Earth. </p><p class="MsoNormal">If that skating rink is gradually shifted along any line of longitude from the North Pole toward the equator, the axis of rotation of the skater becomes less aligned with that of the Earth. At the equator the rotation axis of the skater is perpendicular to that of the Earth. Imagine a stationary skater looking eastward at the equator. The skater does not spin at all as the earth does its daily rotation. The ice rink has also melted.</p><p class="MsoNormal">The total angular momentum of the skater is the sum of these two components of spin and that total is conserved in the absence of friction. The component of angular momentum that results from the location of the rink is typically called “planetary angular momentum” by meteorologists as the Earth is doing all of the work. To keep things simpler and save a dozen letters on each repitition, let's just refer to the angular momentum as "<i>spin</i>" from now on and remember that it is conserved. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Now let’s replace the skater with a cylinder of air of constant mass. As noted in “<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/03/isentropic-surfaces-science-and-art.html" target="_blank">Isentropic Surfaces - Science and Art Merges</a>”, air follows isentropic surfaces for free with no exchange of energy. Spin must also be conserved for flows following constant energy surfaces in the absence of friction. </p><p class="MsoNormal">In this thought experiment, we constrain the lid of the cylinder of air to follow a cold and higher isentropic surface while the bottom follows an isentropic surface near the ground. What happens when we move this cylinder with the westerly mid-latitudinal winds along a line of latitude? What then happens if we place a north to south mountain range in its path? North to south mountain ranges are actually quite common on the Earth but that is another story that makes nature and the weather so very interesting. </p><p class="MsoNormal">The isentropic surface near the ground follows the west to east terrain profile closely. The higher isentropic surface is a smoothed out version that spreads out the sharpness of the terrain features. As one would expect, the biggest impacts on the cylinder of air are felt over the mountain but there are significant implications both upstream and in the lee of the mountain.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCbHifnfuXUS7z21BRtmrvpzwTNVuQzM7J-m3D57fnJbyZ0-7tIMtXFbLpr_NUWm1qFxF6vSrFOPUA-MXbYPboDsh2BgidasTFaCZ7riTrLG9lIojDWr2YlK4AuneSjW5sOpDcRFS12qWIvVRzUau35B52VBTLXFHMMk1d3a_F9EsxZaVi44TxVeoX=s1430" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="1430" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCbHifnfuXUS7z21BRtmrvpzwTNVuQzM7J-m3D57fnJbyZ0-7tIMtXFbLpr_NUWm1qFxF6vSrFOPUA-MXbYPboDsh2BgidasTFaCZ7riTrLG9lIojDWr2YlK4AuneSjW5sOpDcRFS12qWIvVRzUau35B52VBTLXFHMMk1d3a_F9EsxZaVi44TxVeoX=w400-h229" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEciYu2kziLuFgDXlHFJlvsJWdt2GqBB1MQNiLifie_lLxYnbELt3sj-hu4hJXYjTb463DhaXpIq23gcIUdrkN7MV5g_ovGUyfTdZyUWEqP5GPmNao7lr0MxbKM9-ZhT2ajKZveMjkgTJ5bomk7Kzhhsh11zUrENYrMw3K1AcDK5vUJByRKFHLbra5=s687" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="596" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEciYu2kziLuFgDXlHFJlvsJWdt2GqBB1MQNiLifie_lLxYnbELt3sj-hu4hJXYjTb463DhaXpIq23gcIUdrkN7MV5g_ovGUyfTdZyUWEqP5GPmNao7lr0MxbKM9-ZhT2ajKZveMjkgTJ5bomk7Kzhhsh11zUrENYrMw3K1AcDK5vUJByRKFHLbra5=s320" width="278" /></a></div><br />Between 1 and 2 in the accompanying graphic, the upper isentropic surface has already started to feel the spread out effects of the mountain but not so much at the surface. The girth of the cylinder decreases thus increasing its spin like the figure skater pulling in her arms. To maintain a constant total spin, the parcel responds by diverting a bit to the south where lower values of planetary spin occur. <p></p><div><div>At 2 when the bottom of the cylinder first reaches the mountain, the cylinder is rapidly scrunched into a squat can. This is like a skater very quickly loosing height and spreading that weight outwards far from the axis of rotation (like what happens in a “camel spin”). There is a big decrease in the cylinder spin and the cylinder itself must take a sharp turn to the north in order to gain higher planetary spin. The total spin is still constant. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjZqnZBBib786wESz-pHi7z7f0CmSiVom-EgocwV3n7979JFgFh9kKAEJmyzlRnDkkzQqEbYw-cjMiODI-mdgLGUqm4e5prbXLti2tFJxA6rrcHNUO2sWoCd72kfk4OkxWcL0JyY8d0em4t3dtehmbKPBw6igAMwHZUryiadxHpXdbgRO_YevLamswm=s778" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="698" data-original-width="778" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjZqnZBBib786wESz-pHi7z7f0CmSiVom-EgocwV3n7979JFgFh9kKAEJmyzlRnDkkzQqEbYw-cjMiODI-mdgLGUqm4e5prbXLti2tFJxA6rrcHNUO2sWoCd72kfk4OkxWcL0JyY8d0em4t3dtehmbKPBw6igAMwHZUryiadxHpXdbgRO_YevLamswm=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br />At the mountain peak (3), the bottom of the air cylinder starts to rapidly drop following the sharp terrain. The air cylinder is rapidly stretched and the girth decreases. The cylinder spin increases dramatically. The air cylinder takes a rapid detour to the south in order to reach the lower planetary spin values at lower latitudes. The total spin is still the same as what the cylinder had when it started. </div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhRNFzYpJ0bIkAPmRw5alzlHrtYKRV0uDxhx-9ndwtq6Pgi3-O6gFYq-svw3sZeGtarv7ju-B67Cu1y5MDKGCdRuiZzDY8caE4qU7uRUg0IjuF-fz2ase7DZBNzNH6uuKinVEFgEW8Lb59Yi1rbNXuPJfx5HEEHhtL14n-6RwubRqZZgD_p-0LHDC7S=s682" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="498" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhRNFzYpJ0bIkAPmRw5alzlHrtYKRV0uDxhx-9ndwtq6Pgi3-O6gFYq-svw3sZeGtarv7ju-B67Cu1y5MDKGCdRuiZzDY8caE4qU7uRUg0IjuF-fz2ase7DZBNzNH6uuKinVEFgEW8Lb59Yi1rbNXuPJfx5HEEHhtL14n-6RwubRqZZgD_p-0LHDC7S=s320" width="234" /></a></div>Once the cylinder reaches the plains at 4, the stretching is reversed and the cylinder girth increases. The vertical height of the cylinder starts to decrease again as the upper level isentropic surface starts to get far enough away from the influence of the mountain. The spin of the cylinder starts to decrease and the cylinder turns again to the north to offset that loss of cylinder spin with the increased planetary spin found at higher latitudes. </div><div><br /></div><div>The air cylinder overshoots the original latitude. A series of ridges and troughs that gradually decay in amplitude then form downstream from the mountain. </div><div><br /></div><div>The dashed line mapped on the accompanying graphic (mountain barrier at 3) is the path of the cylinder with respect to the Earth as it was described above in words. The direction of motion of this air cylinder is simply the wind. The implication is that the trajectories of these cylinders or parcels of air over time must also be pressure height contours that describe the geostrophic wind. In “<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/01/the-answer-really-is-blowing-in-wind.html" target="_blank">The Answer Really IS Blowing in the Wind</a>”, the wind was found to follow the pressure height contours. The diversion of air parcels to conserve spin must also change the pressure patterns around the mountain. A ridge of high pressure is created over and upstream of the mountain, while a trough of low pressure is formed downstream in the lee of the mountain barrier. And all as a result of conserved spin on a spinning Earth. Wow. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjFk_F7mSjcHM0tCOkL4vGp-AxTvsmPX5AUIn6R09WZlRdF_eegeWfenvGWFWObPBB4ye1bwAMa3CrGGKUNpAxDCLb9D9eQISJHe7nZOdHnezUOOwp2A9uQleprKat9D4SenMXmavljRchTDbwjTGl2UPLh-7v3pYJE44JoQH9Hsz3xpAgsBVUAbFLj=s1430" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="1430" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjFk_F7mSjcHM0tCOkL4vGp-AxTvsmPX5AUIn6R09WZlRdF_eegeWfenvGWFWObPBB4ye1bwAMa3CrGGKUNpAxDCLb9D9eQISJHe7nZOdHnezUOOwp2A9uQleprKat9D4SenMXmavljRchTDbwjTGl2UPLh-7v3pYJE44JoQH9Hsz3xpAgsBVUAbFLj=w400-h98" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>If we look at the change in pressure along the dashed line of latitude in the image above, we see this. A high pressure over and upstream from the mountain generates a pressure gradient force (PGF) pointing eastward toward the lee trough. This PGF blows on the mountain barrier and returns westerly momentum that was picked up by the atmosphere in the tropics back to the Earth. This poleward transport of westerly momentum from the tropics to the mid-latitudes keeps the total spin of the earth biosphere in balance. </div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjGksOhKqEB1IO-nB7VhKBUUEBEznjUMWOixlYAUAOreP6woT2pQFfoOL_hJab0sMxIOYDo9tveLo1R_fkRrwPw3M5V-XmM0Bc_29B0bkoZBKuQtwpJ25MrcZu1NSbpqeEIKd0tNVE6f2JlnoCoQbqsk59B2EDWLCI2QVbiJNfWjsJFqH6UKDFMoA6q=s987" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="987" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjGksOhKqEB1IO-nB7VhKBUUEBEznjUMWOixlYAUAOreP6woT2pQFfoOL_hJab0sMxIOYDo9tveLo1R_fkRrwPw3M5V-XmM0Bc_29B0bkoZBKuQtwpJ25MrcZu1NSbpqeEIKd0tNVE6f2JlnoCoQbqsk59B2EDWLCI2QVbiJNfWjsJFqH6UKDFMoA6q=w400-h364" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><div><br /></div></div>Next week will reveal what this means for the weather… it will be worth waiting for. My friend and professor from the University of Alberta, Dr Edward Lozowski had a careful look at this week's Blog and offered some invaluable suggestions making it both simpler and better. Thank you my friend!<p></p><div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-64831265344303434652022-03-07T09:33:00.001-05:002022-03-07T09:33:08.807-05:00Angular Momentum Spins Up the Winds of Climate<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhLAT9KdHz9_-JGwW05GK8GBEwcIaswOdaoP9m6kOVY-MbgHVzke23YeBa4fJmI0IiVJlHmSwwXR-NhsO_DW89iuKwvxWm6wBIbACU6iUa28nfb9myRPPyqW1EXQ-PbSh0c58X3ppnqOi5WWuhvYKv9vcBQrBqKnRhgbVGRNSYJNejnmpAiKvjvkskI=s800" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhLAT9KdHz9_-JGwW05GK8GBEwcIaswOdaoP9m6kOVY-MbgHVzke23YeBa4fJmI0IiVJlHmSwwXR-NhsO_DW89iuKwvxWm6wBIbACU6iUa28nfb9myRPPyqW1EXQ-PbSh0c58X3ppnqOi5WWuhvYKv9vcBQrBqKnRhgbVGRNSYJNejnmpAiKvjvkskI=w400-h200" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2068 "Mattawa Outward Bound" 24x48<br />Coriolis might have been deflecting our canoes to the right...<br />and I am pretty certain I saw vortices and deformation zones in the <br />current of the Mattawa... but angular momentum was preserved. </td></tr></tbody></table><br />Angular momentum is conserved in a closed system. Rotational energy is angular momentum that can be converted from one form to another but never lost - although we might not be able to get it back either. <p></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPbfu5h0l4oAT1boiJWoxs_pdx_61qOlbtMIhHinQYrsnw4QpJZWIKohag3vx1DPW1k1dE_iBoqD8NqMgLKZaSbJgA9FcnRFg3Fa8GKMt99WXfGOKHSF8wbt2u0jf1dlnEZpvbzSjQbX7mCmKL9d7FBFpDM4stYAY9GpKs0OVU2Vxk6R6pGmZui6u3=s591" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="591" height="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPbfu5h0l4oAT1boiJWoxs_pdx_61qOlbtMIhHinQYrsnw4QpJZWIKohag3vx1DPW1k1dE_iBoqD8NqMgLKZaSbJgA9FcnRFg3Fa8GKMt99WXfGOKHSF8wbt2u0jf1dlnEZpvbzSjQbX7mCmKL9d7FBFpDM4stYAY9GpKs0OVU2Vxk6R6pGmZui6u3=w400-h379" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">w= angular speed or rotation</td></tr></tbody></table>The figure skater is everyone’s perfect analogy for angular momentum, although the skater is not a perfect closed system. The sound of the skate is a loss of rotational energy. Friction with the air and ice is another energy loss. The rotational speed is controlled by the "moment of the mass distribution" but with time, even the best skater will spin down to a standstill. The figure skater can control their rate of rotation. If they extend their arms and legs outward from the axis of rotation, their moment of mass distribution increases and they spin slower. Skaters spin faster by pulling their body inward to their rotational axis thus minimizing their moment of mass distribution. In all cases, their angular momentum is unchanged although they gradually spin down as that energy is lost. The conservation of angular momentum through the re-distribution of mass can also be also studied using a swivel chair and exercise weights but the artistic impression points will not be nearly as impressive. <div><p></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh930PNuQGvlZEEdQWQ9xGgqUOs_LrFyJ4VQp8w_aEnkerYGhGQc4xSh4cCKU_QGx0JapyNsF_9RtX6ZPFZQbVWYm5csDzZsH9g22zlt4ZaaHq1HbczOmxRtVujhj0PbHpQiuQ4pyRETt92IL9DWxl7M48oZui1alcar_ybIi4C6UlXOcxT8Lsdwm6r=s800" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh930PNuQGvlZEEdQWQ9xGgqUOs_LrFyJ4VQp8w_aEnkerYGhGQc4xSh4cCKU_QGx0JapyNsF_9RtX6ZPFZQbVWYm5csDzZsH9g22zlt4ZaaHq1HbczOmxRtVujhj0PbHpQiuQ4pyRETt92IL9DWxl7M48oZui1alcar_ybIi4C6UlXOcxT8Lsdwm6r=w200-h200" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Earth and the Moon as <br />seen from Mars orbit</td></tr></tbody></table>Consider the earth. You might think that the spherical blue marble spinning in the vacuum of space is a perfectly rigid and closed system. The earth might be close to that ideal but consider that scientists study the variable length of day (LOD). The "LOD" has actually increased over the 4.54 billion year history of the Earth due to<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_acceleration " target="_blank"> tidal effects</a> and the dissipation of angular momentum. The earth is spinning down. </p><p></p>The <a href="and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon" target="_blank">Moon </a>at about 1/81 the mass of Earth, is slowing the Earth's rotation. Days get about 2 milliseconds longer every 100 years. The moon has already stopped spinning and the tidal locking process will theoretically do the same to the Earth in 50 billion years. Weather would be very different on a stationary planet and your Coriolis hand will no longer work very well. <p></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgmZ0IMJx1CNTmgS9vhmCINQw1QwlS_RlobPZ9MVIZfOQh6t_XBa8KiU9ZsDvIpFQYanG-WYZm5gnW__u0C0o37qbfIYvQg9K3G9X_hI_F-WBmBHwH0Tp7F-zg5UgaW5yo61BlgSW0VfNN_BHmCQxGiinzXCZxsPj5WJgShjVAT76LiXorrfFewduV5=s1596" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1596" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgmZ0IMJx1CNTmgS9vhmCINQw1QwlS_RlobPZ9MVIZfOQh6t_XBa8KiU9ZsDvIpFQYanG-WYZm5gnW__u0C0o37qbfIYvQg9K3G9X_hI_F-WBmBHwH0Tp7F-zg5UgaW5yo61BlgSW0VfNN_BHmCQxGiinzXCZxsPj5WJgShjVAT76LiXorrfFewduV5=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Length of Day Deviations since 1965</td></tr></tbody></table>The LOD also fluctuates on shorter times scales. These miniscule variations have periods that range from a few weeks to years.</p><p></p><br /><br /><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_z1a05JDk26wuM2fCwRwl87EBQD8d_HqaTfNVfGINxuYlBQ8eyB9q8vwgTuF02wUP8lTM5n0OQI92AJ_A4UOxSum65jTtSvuOGDAhvv7Lvc75n27N1Y3wq6Pp88ArV8zulx_o5e8i3EBgjJD9l0Jm3aCbLUVR3L_r3S-WP3J0RE4CmIcdINZDEM7-=s1000" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="703" data-original-width="1000" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_z1a05JDk26wuM2fCwRwl87EBQD8d_HqaTfNVfGINxuYlBQ8eyB9q8vwgTuF02wUP8lTM5n0OQI92AJ_A4UOxSum65jTtSvuOGDAhvv7Lvc75n27N1Y3wq6Pp88ArV8zulx_o5e8i3EBgjJD9l0Jm3aCbLUVR3L_r3S-WP3J0RE4CmIcdINZDEM7-=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Outer Mantle - Liquid Outer Core- Solid Inner Core</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>The total angular momentum of Earth as a whole system must be constant. The relative movements and mass redistribution of Earth's core, mantle, crust, oceans, atmosphere, and cryosphere (cryosphere is the frozen water part of the Earth system) will result in variations in the spin (LOD) just like the figure skater. A change of the angular momentum in one region must necessarily be balanced by angular momentum changes in the other regions.</div><div><br /></div><div>The mass of the earth is far from evenly distributed. The continental plates are shifting. The polar ice caps are calving and breaking apart. Glaciers are melting. Mass is slowly being redistributed. The 'decade fluctuations' of Earth's rotation rate and LOD are thought to result from these fluctuations.</div><div><p>The LOD also varies significantly over time scales down to weeks. We can blame these on the weather. Consider the water cycle for instance. Water evapourates into water vapour and rises, increasing the moment of that mass distribution. Precipitation falls to the ground and the moment of mass distribution decreases again. Storms can move this precipitation toward the poles and these movements also decrease the moment of mass distribution on the spherical globe. The increasing temperatures of climate change allow about 7 percent more water vapour to be held in the atmosphere for every degree Celsius of increase. The moment of inertia for that increased amount of water vapour higher in the atmosphere would be expected to slow down the Earth's spin - a longer LOD results. </p><p>Observational evidence shows that there is no significant time delay between the change of the atmospheric angular momentum and the corresponding impact on the LOD. The atmosphere and solid Earth are strongly coupled due to surface friction with a time constant of only about 7 days which is the spin-down time of the Ekman layer. We met Vagn Walfrid Ekman (1874 – 1954) in "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/02/meteorology-meets-oceanography.html" target="_blank">Meteorology Meets Oceanography</a>". This spin-down time is how long it takes to transfer atmospheric axial angular momentum to the Earth's surface and vice versa.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjyLe3VDURE57YW6KcnWo7KIaoR4A_0rBoGHqif9nn2cX3_NqQeRwV6yEuyzY4pIQoDzV4bOytUICXKoV26Ce0PINiR-FuNe7ouZudQClt6TG-QP6V56ETVU4uSqF1lK4Ms39y5pLXDCaJM7jBrI3XR5co5GgQ6ng2n0MTb8PFvB4hphferwhARw13W=s600" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="600" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjyLe3VDURE57YW6KcnWo7KIaoR4A_0rBoGHqif9nn2cX3_NqQeRwV6yEuyzY4pIQoDzV4bOytUICXKoV26Ce0PINiR-FuNe7ouZudQClt6TG-QP6V56ETVU4uSqF1lK4Ms39y5pLXDCaJM7jBrI3XR5co5GgQ6ng2n0MTb8PFvB4hphferwhARw13W=s320" width="320" /></a></div>We need only consider the component of the zonal wind (along the lines of latitude) at the ground to consider the transfer of axial angular momentum between the Earth and atmosphere. Textbooks describe the rigid rotation of the atmosphere with the zonal wind with a speed of "u" at the equator relative to the ground. Super-rotation of the rigid atmosphere is when u > 0 and the rigid atmosphere is rotating faster than the earth. If u < 0 indicates then the rigid atmosphere is rotating slower than the Earth and "retrograding". The meridional wind (along the lines of longitude) and the vertical wind move the atmospheric angular momentum around the globe but these must balance out with time - due to the weather which is next week's Science Tuesday. <p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhFX-VNikl3rwy8FRTrX7_xYt_OcitfXoEYS6MfN3LCRiO0bQd6GlUC_VAG423EyDqvg_jBMuPby-HZ7u0dXTKZutaMa47BHXZuZySmwDBDP2wThLSHthhuQzOeNyqXe-YHw4W2xcVdN-UU_SI8gsT7-AuUbdpYdYjKw2rVSSXLeYiFmMQ6zdTimf8K=s750" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="750" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhFX-VNikl3rwy8FRTrX7_xYt_OcitfXoEYS6MfN3LCRiO0bQd6GlUC_VAG423EyDqvg_jBMuPby-HZ7u0dXTKZutaMa47BHXZuZySmwDBDP2wThLSHthhuQzOeNyqXe-YHw4W2xcVdN-UU_SI8gsT7-AuUbdpYdYjKw2rVSSXLeYiFmMQ6zdTimf8K=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Climatic Global Wind Patterns </td></tr></tbody></table>Surface friction allows the atmosphere to gain angular momentum from the Earth in the case of the atmospheric retrograde rotation or release it to Earth in the case of super-rotation. In the climatic average, the ground level zonal wind-component responsible for rigid rotation <b><i>must </i></b>be zero. This fact can explain the global wind patterns. The prevailing winds in the tropics and over the poles are easterly trade winds. Between 30 and 60 degrees the winds are westerly. The atmosphere gains angular momentum from the Earth at low and high latitudes and repays that same amount back to the mid latitudes. Nature likes a balance. <p></p><p>These musings and the posts of the last several weeks have been intended to ponder how complex yet beautiful the moving atmosphere can be - wind. We can now better understand the winds of weather from first principles - <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/01/the-answer-really-is-blowing-in-wind.html" target="_blank">pressure gradient force</a>, <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/02/another-look-at-wind.html" target="_blank">Coriolis force, centrifugal force</a>, <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/02/adding-friction-to-wind-balance.html" target="_blank">friction </a>and finally the winds of climate (angular momentum balances). Some brilliant scientists were curious and discovered these natural wonders out over the last couple of centuries. It is important to remember these natural wonders and the scientists as well. </p><p>The LOD might vary by a fraction of a millisecond as the atmospheric angular momentum is moved around the globe but that is not going to impact any forecast. Meteorologists simply do not have the time to worry about the LOD or to think of the angular momentum of the Earth and its components in order to forecast the wind. But next week we will look how these concepts might be used to better understand storms and the weather - know the wind; know the weather. Please stay tuned... </p><div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div></div></div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-49716818397098887472022-02-27T09:07:00.000-05:002022-02-27T09:07:58.804-05:00Meteorology Meets Oceanography<p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHRbJaStqNQGIDc_kKlFpLncM8VQIdFrjfPnPhuotZzSATE_UeFbB2LVHR850zJuK-rKYaQ7iqTjMc50QiaLFwNd1NAr79J8_prXdKaLFh2sFpd2ukVwNGUbBlu8IMA-hJyLVsSvzzwwoc6Z3Z14ZNmGnD0xPj3DH_f8dkHJHq_lL6ossGOsehtHiL=s700" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="517" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHRbJaStqNQGIDc_kKlFpLncM8VQIdFrjfPnPhuotZzSATE_UeFbB2LVHR850zJuK-rKYaQ7iqTjMc50QiaLFwNd1NAr79J8_prXdKaLFh2sFpd2ukVwNGUbBlu8IMA-hJyLVsSvzzwwoc6Z3Z14ZNmGnD0xPj3DH_f8dkHJHq_lL6ossGOsehtHiL=s320" width="236" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#0135 "Tiger on the Prowl"</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Energy is neither created or destroyed… but energy is often converted from one form into another. In "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/02/adding-friction-to-wind-balance.html" target="_blank">Adding Friction to the Wind Balance</a>" I described how friction with the earth in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) would always turn the gradient wind (see "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/02/another-look-at-wind.html" target="_blank">Another Look at the Wind</a>") toward lower pressure. Your Coriolis arm would turn toward lower pressure with increased friction and if you kept your thumb pointed in the direction of the pressure gradient force, the angle between your thumb and fingers would get smaller with increased friction. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgApIibsx0jZAjrNSnmITbXWQqIkNx0JCUPdV4naXbsEMroB9uH1JC8Q7n08ZZswQ_-ha9n0bCDfmBQm3Q5YJoMvJvHXJx_MSAIwgN1y_FEuDsiEkLlf0OmT4LnRMcy4NVNIHD6cpxTrTxfRMs3wi0R_mwpkk7uNgpkP0A5rqBVkHi9f7fPBlH9H863=s1313" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="1313" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgApIibsx0jZAjrNSnmITbXWQqIkNx0JCUPdV4naXbsEMroB9uH1JC8Q7n08ZZswQ_-ha9n0bCDfmBQm3Q5YJoMvJvHXJx_MSAIwgN1y_FEuDsiEkLlf0OmT4LnRMcy4NVNIHD6cpxTrTxfRMs3wi0R_mwpkk7uNgpkP0A5rqBVkHi9f7fPBlH9H863=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Summary Explanation of the Gradient Wind, <br />Friction and your Coriolis Arm</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkrJQcHc_-sXWJyk_RO-ZIy7VUBp2H3LLm_UKL-Q-WDhk8CrP2KVbhomoXqPchTuPo6oKQZQ3Ssl3z8HYMMWb2Tpu1vM82rnZAzum4aUUCGK_gVKa8Ilp0CzjZQUzVpmuOMr75cvKqbPmInn2JhXA8UYXZdzzZQTuijY21AQwP3PvrG6OV6rynO6Nb=s403" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="332" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkrJQcHc_-sXWJyk_RO-ZIy7VUBp2H3LLm_UKL-Q-WDhk8CrP2KVbhomoXqPchTuPo6oKQZQ3Ssl3z8HYMMWb2Tpu1vM82rnZAzum4aUUCGK_gVKa8Ilp0CzjZQUzVpmuOMr75cvKqbPmInn2JhXA8UYXZdzzZQTuijY21AQwP3PvrG6OV6rynO6Nb=s320" width="264" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vagn Walfrid Ekman (1874 – March 1954)</td></tr></tbody></table>But I did not mention Vagn Walfrid Ekman! Yet... Dr Ekman (1874-1954) was a brilliant Swedish oceanographer as well as a musician. Art and science are once again intertwined. The Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen was the science officer on the voyage of the Fram <br />1893–1896 which was tasked to reach the geographical North Pole by harnessing the natural east–west current of the Arctic Ocean. During the expedition, Nansen observed that icebergs tended to drift not in the direction of the prevailing wind but at an angle of 20 to 40 degrees to the right. Hmmm. Bjerknes invited Ekman, still a student, to investigate the problem. Vilhelm Bjerknes you might recall, could be called the father of modern meteorology as he formulated the primitive equations that we use in meteorology and numerical weather prediction. Vilhelm and his son Jacob figure prominently in "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2020/03/weather-dances.html" target="_blank">Weather Dances</a>" where I discus their Norwegian cyclone model and the military terms used therein since they did much of the work with the backdrop of World War One. <div><br /></div><div>Anyway, in 1905, Ekman published his theory of the Ekman spiral. His theory explains the balance between frictional effects in the ocean and the Coriolis force which exists because we live on an non-inertial frame of reference - the spinning planet. <div><p>The science of meteorology and oceanography were incredibly intertwined more than a hundred years ago. </p><p>Now back to the energy conversions to drive this point home. The wind energy of the free atmosphere is transformed by friction with the earth’s surface into angular momentum of the earths rotation (more on this in another blog). In addition, as the wind approaches the rough surface, your wind balanced Coriolis arm turns toward lower pressure and the wind speed decreases with that energy shoving the earth along. This is the Ekman spiral in the atmosphere as pictured above using my waving hand and arm. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjg6i5GTda-Y8sQTjZSn9bbBfxBkDcF3laOzQDZ50lR5R4V6cYWCuIXZwE8ZnnTGLiZE8kOkdWgWMy1Dl8Q7c7-Ww_5ng8-XXF-6v7sNJAxTnasw46oxtJTe3IkPnnaiKkJyDHOhWM95Vsxsp7IRi-rNA-3b05u9bk-0MQqRhLstGgx60T6fuBGzsuL=s384" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="254" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjg6i5GTda-Y8sQTjZSn9bbBfxBkDcF3laOzQDZ50lR5R4V6cYWCuIXZwE8ZnnTGLiZE8kOkdWgWMy1Dl8Q7c7-Ww_5ng8-XXF-6v7sNJAxTnasw46oxtJTe3IkPnnaiKkJyDHOhWM95Vsxsp7IRi-rNA-3b05u9bk-0MQqRhLstGgx60T6fuBGzsuL=w265-h400" width="265" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Oceanographic Ekman Spiral<br />where <br />1 is the friction PBL wind, <br />2 is the force from above, <br />3 is the direction of the resultant current<br /> (vector addition) and <br />4 is the Coriolis force </td></tr></tbody></table>When the atmospheric winds lower to the surface of the ocean, simply another fluid, that energy of wind motion is transferred to the water. The frictional driven water current is deflected by the Coriolis force - to the right in the northern hemisphere. There is a net current to the right of the PBL wind. Along coasts, the net loss of surface water can result in a secondary upwelling current. These coastal upwelling Ekman driven current explains the famous fisheries around the globe. </div><div><br /></div><div>The water brought to the surface from the depths is typically rich in nutrients that support the coastal ecosystems. Declining oxygen with climate change is starting to counter these benefits. <br /><p></p><p>The energy of the atmospheric wind can drive the energy of the oceanographic Ekman spiral which in turn (so to speak) drives the coastal upwelling which encourages the fishery and feeds nations. Nothing is lost and all is sustainable IF this energy and these resources are managed wisely. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhp94U4uImWXAiIG0nmXHzjqEJFD22ZQtK2dHBOWO3MZZMHvlQwJmN2Vs6P6YKxX6_Y5UOl0aD-5d5H6TAxyNVbYIDd66dMOuyKLcKcMAQE-a56Kes4Gx9ZHOkQxmY8LvVEvMh7gaDeRxyWjSYrkbtChcyBIBxBcF609w8_uUe-7FpwAUYmZQmdOFJ7=s417" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="417" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhp94U4uImWXAiIG0nmXHzjqEJFD22ZQtK2dHBOWO3MZZMHvlQwJmN2Vs6P6YKxX6_Y5UOl0aD-5d5H6TAxyNVbYIDd66dMOuyKLcKcMAQE-a56Kes4Gx9ZHOkQxmY8LvVEvMh7gaDeRxyWjSYrkbtChcyBIBxBcF609w8_uUe-7FpwAUYmZQmdOFJ7=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ekman driven Upwelling</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvAHaEJA4lsR5SggUbTRA4yK52Ej512ywdLVdbxAJ_oBB_3kQY9at3K4koTWfKFQnoqteqdrl4aeiMLu9mNVaHAfJatuSaHg6ACnO8pj0_aCsGfifjeBm0RscOptfaGK8YRqZ8y9T1tV9_p0eH4ZUdgLnjmiSryoO73RiS8x1bebqH8c9qk_30hkw7=s1035" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="1035" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvAHaEJA4lsR5SggUbTRA4yK52Ej512ywdLVdbxAJ_oBB_3kQY9at3K4koTWfKFQnoqteqdrl4aeiMLu9mNVaHAfJatuSaHg6ACnO8pj0_aCsGfifjeBm0RscOptfaGK8YRqZ8y9T1tV9_p0eH4ZUdgLnjmiSryoO73RiS8x1bebqH8c9qk_30hkw7=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Everything is connected...<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Oceanography and meteorology are sciences of fluids on a spinning globe. Both are vitally important to the welfare of the planet and the creatures that share this garden of Eden. I have been a life long member and supporter of the <a href="https://www.cmos.ca/" target="_blank">Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society</a>. We are all in this together… air, water and sometimes even rock are fluids. Maybe we should add volcanology to the society of fluid sciences as well!</p><p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</p><p>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</p><div><br /><br /></div></div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-34001644814993378482022-02-21T14:46:00.002-05:002022-02-21T14:48:33.912-05:00Applying the Gradient Wind Balance... To Shovel or Not to Shovel... that is the Question<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiOcU9cy03payCflxyQxeD29zy8jukm6uyQEcnXAoMKaB1OlSodck5fYDaqxOWTa_FfXh5vH3uxsiEBIOOQ42DPlAwPnXCU1nAdVd0NdfTUhwPX16CEjMZMUJrih1r4wFfOezsLfOjyKs-0zjaC8IBR2xqWyYrPy1E4ly6bOnv8SUm7KcZ_Data0ZrN=s800" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="800" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiOcU9cy03payCflxyQxeD29zy8jukm6uyQEcnXAoMKaB1OlSodck5fYDaqxOWTa_FfXh5vH3uxsiEBIOOQ42DPlAwPnXCU1nAdVd0NdfTUhwPX16CEjMZMUJrih1r4wFfOezsLfOjyKs-0zjaC8IBR2xqWyYrPy1E4ly6bOnv8SUm7KcZ_Data0ZrN=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">0519 "Homestead -West Wind"<br />Home and Watershed Farm in 1993</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Happily, most of my career with Environment Canada spanned what I think of as the Golden Age of Meteorology – before technology took over. <div><br /><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjXQ4auqOw1NwY-KmuMiTnUSwNgs-gw2B0Dptwm_HPnvWk8hqLKbdjTe6y0He3mR_810ocYh3jwMc5yXlfdPLfsx-YoS6QA3LVS8DRxlvF1K_RHVEn_q9LLSQLRBEVu1hefO052fYrryaQJJf8gH9jf8bygytdd5S2uR_LLnuAS5YUZ1xb7bKHqIoMY=s247" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="247" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjXQ4auqOw1NwY-KmuMiTnUSwNgs-gw2B0Dptwm_HPnvWk8hqLKbdjTe6y0He3mR_810ocYh3jwMc5yXlfdPLfsx-YoS6QA3LVS8DRxlvF1K_RHVEn_q9LLSQLRBEVu1hefO052fYrryaQJJf8gH9jf8bygytdd5S2uR_LLnuAS5YUZ1xb7bKHqIoMY" width="247" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map Analysis 1977</td></tr></tbody></table>The forecast cycle was still a largely human exercise in the 1970’s. There was still so very much to study and humans learn by doing. The first step in every shift was to do a thorough weather analysis. I drew isobars on coloured maps with a terrain background. I had a plastic pocket protector full of coloured pencils and markers. The data had been hand plotted by an expert technician. The surface chart was a work of both art and science upon completion. The patterns revealed the current weather situation and the “concern of the day”. The team would concentrate on predicting the most important weather elements for the coming days. Life was very good, fun and full of challenges.<p></p><p>Some of the fruit from that Golden Age of Meteorology has been the remarkable numerical simulations of the atmosphere of today. The Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) ingests far more data and completes billions of calculations beyond what humans can do. The essential super computers produce remarkably accurate forecasts that span space and time around the Globe. Meteorologists use these tools to aid clients in the increasingly weather sensitive society. But it is still important that humans understand the nature of weather and that leads back to these posts. </p><p>The past few Blogs described how to interpret those isobars on the surface map and the height contours on the upper air charts. </p><p>We started with the Geostrophic Wind Balance and then added in the centrifugal force to achieve the Gradient Wind Balance. See "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/01/the-answer-really-is-blowing-in-wind.html" target="_blank">The Answer Really IS Blowing in the Wind</a>" and "<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/02/another-look-at-wind.html" target="_blank">Another Look at the Wind</a>". Finally we added in friction to understand what happens to the wind in the planetary boundary level (PBL) where we all live. See "<a href=" http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/02/adding-friction-to-wind-balance.html" target="_blank">Adding Friction to the Wind Balance</a>". After those Blogs, we have a basic understanding of the wind. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguAtuKsoeIYsIFU-0oLaamLJctw239vyJstubf9FSbfILk0nEf4g1sHY_OShELc2-KQZZgi7lxFM_ay6fsxXL3m3eOzGXooQqamGtjZ73WZ9X5Cz8crnZxi1kr4pOVBQRfzRLyTIj6yDVfUixPTmL5u7glSPp6UABHsVXc-8Uv15Wfn81QU5Hi8IdU=s946" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="946" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguAtuKsoeIYsIFU-0oLaamLJctw239vyJstubf9FSbfILk0nEf4g1sHY_OShELc2-KQZZgi7lxFM_ay6fsxXL3m3eOzGXooQqamGtjZ73WZ9X5Cz8crnZxi1kr4pOVBQRfzRLyTIj6yDVfUixPTmL5u7glSPp6UABHsVXc-8Uv15Wfn81QU5Hi8IdU=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p>Hand analyses are generally a thing of the past. The computer generated surface pattern from this past Saturday can still reveal what one needs to know. Blowing and drifting snow will restrict transportation and close schools as effectively as a general snowfall. To forecast those events can be complicated as it depends largely on the characteristics of the snow surface. The wind is the key factor though and those last three posts has gotten us to the point to answer those questions. </p><p></p><p>The geostrophic wind based on the extremely tight spacing of those isobars alone, would be an under-estimate of the real gradient wind. The isobars over the lower Great Lakes are nearly straight if not curved anticyclonically. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiDyHtTuPDnajumabySdrDgiEGSd1AL5v1RpdX7hTQa_c9MuiDW0WKcj2zlNrr24hLY7kRGI8Mp0EkHPx_kF0FAxS7O21Z0wXKwEQPdvLdVBF-XKXWIMiXfsxK7zRepPoJ5s6anYpQAiKkoiFmu442zhOqPCJa5C18qNSYLn19RNVjQqg-yobAgpPqt=s680" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiDyHtTuPDnajumabySdrDgiEGSd1AL5v1RpdX7hTQa_c9MuiDW0WKcj2zlNrr24hLY7kRGI8Mp0EkHPx_kF0FAxS7O21Z0wXKwEQPdvLdVBF-XKXWIMiXfsxK7zRepPoJ5s6anYpQAiKkoiFmu442zhOqPCJa5C18qNSYLn19RNVjQqg-yobAgpPqt=s320" width="320" /></a></div>The observed winds for the same time as the surface chart show winds blowing on average of 45 degrees across the isobars toward lower pressure - the influence of friction. <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_DgNdJbBH7i_GYLuVrILUa3ualKWQNxyVWNYRB2D1fAqaAee_rO0hWzZZBVhUaOkrjit2Mva3zX9sHkyfWAIF_FWcu-xI3neW0eMMOdKqFRxaUupOih_5S9iZM8WBG323_8aWtWA9aKAw4z_pYrVvrt6srHMr63GDSXQrZltmZSjXL3dmBQheyw2A=s237" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="237" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_DgNdJbBH7i_GYLuVrILUa3ualKWQNxyVWNYRB2D1fAqaAee_rO0hWzZZBVhUaOkrjit2Mva3zX9sHkyfWAIF_FWcu-xI3neW0eMMOdKqFRxaUupOih_5S9iZM8WBG323_8aWtWA9aKAw4z_pYrVvrt6srHMr63GDSXQrZltmZSjXL3dmBQheyw2A" width="237" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">850 mb Height Contour Chart for about the same time. <br /><span style="text-align: left;"> Note that the winds at about 5000 feet above the surface<br /></span>away from friction, closely follow the height contours.</td></tr></tbody></table><br />The important forecast was that Saturday was going to be a very blustery day with south to southwest, gusty winds. For me that meant that I would not bother to shovel the lane or sidewalk as the snow would just drift back into place. I painted in the Singleton Studio instead. </div><div><br /></div><div><div>Now we know the wind... and that information can guide us in our decisions. </div><div><br /></div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div><br /></div></div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-43171035452580147922022-02-14T13:06:00.001-05:002022-02-14T13:06:31.902-05:00Adding Friction to the Wind Balance<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhlCnWSDe2CAI4_MFLNvL2j_QPTsyOs4JtOC2GG7vi-JBGZqwk674b_cIvWYqjXHNMblp4fYuhNdcKX8YgIQm443LJdm34bYd2EnPZuBQGOPx69gk6Ah34Vd4S66_yG09euMSIzFgDvqo1eRT0pdlRnQQvssxyHLPGhsvwgEMpS2VSTkjISWx2AGjmQ=s800" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="800" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhlCnWSDe2CAI4_MFLNvL2j_QPTsyOs4JtOC2GG7vi-JBGZqwk674b_cIvWYqjXHNMblp4fYuhNdcKX8YgIQm443LJdm34bYd2EnPZuBQGOPx69gk6Ah34Vd4S66_yG09euMSIzFgDvqo1eRT0pdlRnQQvssxyHLPGhsvwgEMpS2VSTkjISWx2AGjmQ=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#0839 "Cold Air Mass Cumulus"</td></tr></tbody></table><br />There are four forces required to really understand the wind. </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The pressure gradient force (PGF) varies with the contrast in pressure and points toward low pressure. </li><li>The Coriolis force defects moving parcels to the right (Northern Hemisphere); varies with the speed. </li><li>The Centrifugal force varies with the curvature and always points toward the centre of that curvature. The Centrifugal force influences the relative strength of the gradient and geostrophic balances. </li><li>Friction turns the wind to lower pressure… the more friction… the more turning. </li></ul><div>The PGF, Coriolis and Centrifugal forces determine the wind in the free atmosphere. Friction is important in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) but all of the forces are required to understand the wind near the earth's surface. </div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEht2GGgjbSC25TWWTPTVkMXkCLM-kwcDPvyo-XUukaWdN-AGN2e5XeJK36KZYXw4Y6m07iWbtXUWNkCS2nJk6ia8dg4Zrxv5zWdY1i0x5SgtWGSKiecg_44p3rFdEgII2pMPvLKHjOkC7rW1BKfRcAV2gg52TyGVov67ScsEwgY8K2bri8zeYBLdVcb=s1460" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="1460" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEht2GGgjbSC25TWWTPTVkMXkCLM-kwcDPvyo-XUukaWdN-AGN2e5XeJK36KZYXw4Y6m07iWbtXUWNkCS2nJk6ia8dg4Zrxv5zWdY1i0x5SgtWGSKiecg_44p3rFdEgII2pMPvLKHjOkC7rW1BKfRcAV2gg52TyGVov67ScsEwgY8K2bri8zeYBLdVcb=w400-h158" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Wind Balance of Forces including Friction</td></tr></tbody></table><p>"<a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/02/another-look-at-wind.html" target="_blank">Another Look at the Wind</a>" explained how to use your Coriolis arm to understand the wind in the free atmosphere. We can use that same approach to understand the influence of friction in the PBL. Friction simply slows the air down. A rough surface like a forest is more effective than a lake in slowing the wind down. Using your arms and body to approximate the balance of forces to create winds is another reason why weather is a ballet.. a dance and not a battle.</p><p>Consider your Coriolis Arm that is attached to your Coriolis Hand. Align your arm with the gradient wind at the top of the PBL. Hold your Coriolis Hand outward with your fingers pointing in the direction of the gradient wind, your palm facing down and your thumb stretched at 90 degrees. Your thumb must point in the direction of the pressure gradient force (PGF) at all times. As you descend toward the earth's surface (in your mind), you start to encounter friction. The wind slows down but wants to stay in balance. The wind tries to keep blowing as fast as it did by turning to flow more toward the low pressure - down the pressure mountain. Your Coriolis arm will turn toward the lower pressure but keep your thumb pointing in the same direction that it was at the start - the direction of the PGF. The effects of friction is approximated by the angle that your thumb makes with the rest of you Coriolis arm and fingers.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-ec0SCe6JOcxw7mmidKIaG8rxQCVBhQf0Ii7F4LapyHoIHI0UI1adURv4HFrGOv6to8iNTtBK00O7ZQw1HpZm5ibyJDNudRxSL0wGwuf7DP08lGH3pAchdlbF3N3m3CXkbtRkGM46hIk-Cix0AI5CysXJfJFra6lIo2oSO765W5NnEn2jMkDgNzLc=s1421" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="860" data-original-width="1421" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-ec0SCe6JOcxw7mmidKIaG8rxQCVBhQf0Ii7F4LapyHoIHI0UI1adURv4HFrGOv6to8iNTtBK00O7ZQw1HpZm5ibyJDNudRxSL0wGwuf7DP08lGH3pAchdlbF3N3m3CXkbtRkGM46hIk-Cix0AI5CysXJfJFra6lIo2oSO765W5NnEn2jMkDgNzLc=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Your Coriolis Arm Can Illustrate <br />the Impacts of Friction Too<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>In the homemade graphic, the gradient wind in the free atmosphere is in the top left. As one descends toward the ground, the Coriolis arm gets progressively obscured.. maybe it was a foggy day? The Coriolis arm on the lower right is at the ground level where we all live. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghslCUsgcGHCvG3Q4_sTTJVzL5fOUe084Nx7lU5uZxd-zYK3WXRHttwOPNVd9fWEiOmCkar1fwBOs508Bx-0gYaiCNwB3k-0M-nl3o8HmbTjCV8p5za2UTdjR2aZALJOALh7r-7avBm7v6ZH7LH-v2jWB6m5vLdf-KX6f8G-ufl_uhRP8G2kLAtUDu=s1313" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="1313" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghslCUsgcGHCvG3Q4_sTTJVzL5fOUe084Nx7lU5uZxd-zYK3WXRHttwOPNVd9fWEiOmCkar1fwBOs508Bx-0gYaiCNwB3k-0M-nl3o8HmbTjCV8p5za2UTdjR2aZALJOALh7r-7avBm7v6ZH7LH-v2jWB6m5vLdf-KX6f8G-ufl_uhRP8G2kLAtUDu=w640-h170" width="640" /></a></div>Now we know the wind... <br /><p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</p><p>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</p>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-69943112185977258592022-02-07T14:46:00.003-05:002023-09-20T06:13:31.430-04:00Another Look at the Wind<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg6HgDvKGPgdNFI3svxfMavJUODfVhKZcJ_ZjvDEqY-HvaM-UwboEjd-vNuLSxfU6s_xR8Pt14ZU-eKDs3qAu6Tame0JaHNUu2OCH12att3kU4Seg84rOg7L_CVve94_dkH0dJwUNm1IdA1j53Ih4k3tAkRoepiHWIbt_BcI2xyv1EjLCa_kJIkA6Sh=s998" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="998" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg6HgDvKGPgdNFI3svxfMavJUODfVhKZcJ_ZjvDEqY-HvaM-UwboEjd-vNuLSxfU6s_xR8Pt14ZU-eKDs3qAu6Tame0JaHNUu2OCH12att3kU4Seg84rOg7L_CVve94_dkH0dJwUNm1IdA1j53Ih4k3tAkRoepiHWIbt_BcI2xyv1EjLCa_kJIkA6Sh=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2009 "Algonquin Rock Lake Turbulent Sunrise"<br />Looking back at this plein air painting, I see <br />that I painted my Coriolis hand into the <br />cold advection, turbulent stratocumulus. </td></tr></tbody></table><br />The geostrophic and gradient wind balance equations can be a challenge even for meteorologists. The fundamental forces that move the air around the Globe are not something that we think about every day. There is no time during any shift to go back to first principles when preparing a forecast for the next week for large areas of Canada. <p></p><p>To be clear, what I am attempting to do in these Art and Science Blogs, is explain nature in a way so that even the most challenging concepts are understandable. It is a task I have set for myself and I link the ideas with phenomena that I observe in my artwork. Science should make sense and if I can’t explain something, then I must not really understand it well enough. Being naturally curious can be a full-time occupation - even when retired I need to brush up on the science and learn it better. </p><p>I rely on visual aids when explaining things. Many of these explanations, especially meteorological ones, are hand-waving exercises. I do not go anywhere without my Coriolis Hand! The Coriolis Hand can be used to explain much about living on a rotating planet. </p><p>Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis of Paris (1792-1843) was an engineer and mathematician who first described motions on a rotating body deflected by an apparent force that now bears his name. If you place your Coriolis hand palm down and point your thumb in the direction of the motion, the moving substance will be deflected in the direction of your fingers. Your right hand is your Coriolis Hand in the Northern Hemisphere while south of the equator, it is your left hand. </p><p>We can also use the Coriolis Arm which is attached to your Coriolis Hand, to explain the geostrophic and gradient wind balances detailed in the last <a href="https://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/01/the-answer-really-is-blowing-in-wind.html" target="_blank">Science Tuesday</a>. I keep trying to elucidate things in different ways until the concepts connect. Everyone learns in their own unique way. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjPI7hvv1aW7opX8sdCm3y_5NYF8xRJskH_SwZA0VZ-wVezj43ifBmyGO1WQTVrpnmyZ3VelHBT6eFODe7WevcB11ikF_FTZzUyOP-7nvO7AD6EjtHDV2sWKDByTtDI8xpJwT_92Bu-wxX-Ve0eEqj60eafxuqSG873CErH03zdJ0LxR6YN3E3zRSCm=s1871" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="1871" height="58" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjPI7hvv1aW7opX8sdCm3y_5NYF8xRJskH_SwZA0VZ-wVezj43ifBmyGO1WQTVrpnmyZ3VelHBT6eFODe7WevcB11ikF_FTZzUyOP-7nvO7AD6EjtHDV2sWKDByTtDI8xpJwT_92Bu-wxX-Ve0eEqj60eafxuqSG873CErH03zdJ0LxR6YN3E3zRSCm=w400-h58" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Geostrophic and Gradient Wind Balance Graphics</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Instead of analysing the vector diagrams like we did last week, align your Coriolis Arm with the gradient wind at the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) - where there is no friction. Hold your Coriolis Hand outward with your fingers pointing in the direction of the gradient wind, your palm facing down. If you stretch your Coriolis thumb at 90 degrees to your fingers, your thumb must point toward lower pressure and in the direction of the pressure gradient force (PGF). The Coriolis force deflects every moving thing to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. The centrifugal force always points way from the centre of curvature. </p><p>The following graphic summarizes these three forces - pressure, Coriolis and centrifugal using your own Coriolis Arm. It also explains that due to the centrifugal force, the gradient wind is weaker than the geostrophic wind balance in a trough but stronger in a ridge. My Coriolis arm only bends cyclonically when I am relaxed and one would expect the gradient wind in a trough to be more calm as well. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdM0lO4gMYiCtoPMIJmwqm60I07K11zgNLOrhkJRh7XSRdmEz6hgkdOecWXdm5nFnLVy3J1nBVaRyDuyiVy8EvcOqhRG2rTwAX09I8PSdqx1i8gJ31k7-DkAKGzzUs4x04E6Qilq6jyNij_ZEGVkbEeOau0_RfXNCYXfH0MinuWRyV30_0Nqc8A_kp=s1342" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="697" data-original-width="1342" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdM0lO4gMYiCtoPMIJmwqm60I07K11zgNLOrhkJRh7XSRdmEz6hgkdOecWXdm5nFnLVy3J1nBVaRyDuyiVy8EvcOqhRG2rTwAX09I8PSdqx1i8gJ31k7-DkAKGzzUs4x04E6Qilq6jyNij_ZEGVkbEeOau0_RfXNCYXfH0MinuWRyV30_0Nqc8A_kp=w400-h208" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Understanding the Wind Using you Coriolis Arm<br />View looking down from space</td></tr></tbody></table><p>You can use your Coriolis Arm in reverse as well. Point your Coriolis fingers in the direction of an observed wind revealed by gravity waves, swells or Langmuir Streaks. Your stretched thumb must point toward lower pressure. If the wind is strong, the pressure gradient is also steep. All of these facts can tell you something about the weather. </p><p>Next Science Tuesday we will add in the fourth important force of friction so that we might better understand the wind in the planetary boundary level as well. Bring your Coriolis arm too. </p><p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</p><p>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</p>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-30468260127237403802022-01-31T15:23:00.000-05:002022-01-31T15:23:22.437-05:00The Answer Really IS Blowing in the Wind<p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiCSD8s4PQo_vrEkTnArDIB-XjofsZx1cc4P5NnBPxS74xmVeLrLRbdfM1k-d91MySwCEy56O7jeNKbLOP9jb0LgY13UYMsRVk5D9SlGeQLvwjyngyuMy4tU2Fi6LfaT6N8iAAk2SOMhzyEQU71_AB2c-mkCYXOuE43Kpqwtzt8UppvW3DfGZNlzMkn=s800" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="800" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiCSD8s4PQo_vrEkTnArDIB-XjofsZx1cc4P5NnBPxS74xmVeLrLRbdfM1k-d91MySwCEy56O7jeNKbLOP9jb0LgY13UYMsRVk5D9SlGeQLvwjyngyuMy4tU2Fi6LfaT6N8iAAk2SOMhzyEQU71_AB2c-mkCYXOuE43Kpqwtzt8UppvW3DfGZNlzMkn=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2083 "Moisture Conveyors"</td></tr></tbody></table><br />We need to back up and re-establish again why the wind really blows. You will only need your imagination and your Coriolis Hand for this. I will keep this simple with no mathematics and some home-made graphics. </p><p>The pressure and volume of any gas varies directly with the temperature. Tall mountains of hot air can be found over the equator. The cold air found over the poles, makes more of a valley in the atmospheric ocean. Pressure results from the weight of the ocean of air that lies above a particular point. The pressure is higher at the ground beneath the hot mountain of air and lower over the cold poles. </p><p>The air under pressure naturally flows from the higher pressure found at the equator toward the lower pressure at the poles. This pressure gradient force (PGF) is the fundamental reason for air to move. Lines of constant pressure on the surface are called isobars. Another way to look at the variations in pressure over the globe is to map the height above sea level at which a particular pressure is measured. A line drawn on a weather map connecting points of equal height for a particular pressure is called a height contour. These isolines and are completely analogous to terrain height contours. The 3-D shape of the atmosphere can be depicted on a flat sheet in the same way that the geography of the land can be contoured on a map. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAfwkZiw_ZblwuetCTver-cJzNREUnikb7cpKJHcS0kIgNM2F2MEpaYTb7H-dnL1mxH72XJDSi_oT2UTZ5jPdKFWm_jSvbvh_su_97mUV1cyRJZi-Z3s3FW6u74YQ-9sYdHasAKXOUW09z2SvQKfR1BP2FfozmAufVCPUnSReR8R0o_zdQpc_MyPKC=s751" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="751" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAfwkZiw_ZblwuetCTver-cJzNREUnikb7cpKJHcS0kIgNM2F2MEpaYTb7H-dnL1mxH72XJDSi_oT2UTZ5jPdKFWm_jSvbvh_su_97mUV1cyRJZi-Z3s3FW6u74YQ-9sYdHasAKXOUW09z2SvQKfR1BP2FfozmAufVCPUnSReR8R0o_zdQpc_MyPKC=w400-h258" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Contour Isolines can map a 3-D Physical Entity<br />for Display on a Flat Piece of Paper</td></tr></tbody></table><p>But this ocean of air is on a spinning globe. Your Coriolis Hand with the thumb pointing upward at the pole illustrates the sense that the Earth is rotating. For the Northern Hemisphere, your Coriolis Hand is your right hand and every moving thing is deflected to the right by the Coriolis force. The Coriolis force seems real enough but it exists only to explain that we live on a non-inertial, spinning frame of reference. In the Southern Hemisphere your left hand is the Coriolis Hand and everything is deflected to the left. </p><p>Air parcels moving in the free atmosphere flows from high pressure to lower pressure but must be deflected by the Coriolis force. In the simplest geostrophic wind, only two forces are balanced – the PGF and the Coriolis force. If you put your left hand in the cold air and your right hand in the warm air, you are looking in the direction this wind is blowing. We will keep all of our graphics in the Northern Hemisphere in order to keep the explanation a bit simpler. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjBKxAHvCKHv3_yb3j2KIvff08fCUdOLElSgNyLiOM-dL1LMPdbaOcVw1wXTf-x6vSUYzGPHKDvCX6rQvtBgsmX_Cp79L0QGCgjwSKVE-dz1ytHxbhJVWyvIEk-UqZvqTOcKcXm9U9o8Oer14a_RSfAqtUzelU13k4ZAsYS5XoPvzWUEgOB-gk2XZns=s1276" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="1276" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjBKxAHvCKHv3_yb3j2KIvff08fCUdOLElSgNyLiOM-dL1LMPdbaOcVw1wXTf-x6vSUYzGPHKDvCX6rQvtBgsmX_Cp79L0QGCgjwSKVE-dz1ytHxbhJVWyvIEk-UqZvqTOcKcXm9U9o8Oer14a_RSfAqtUzelU13k4ZAsYS5XoPvzWUEgOB-gk2XZns=w400-h144" width="400" /></a></div><p>Wind rarely blows in a straight line. A wind blowing in a curve introduces a third force - the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force is what keeps the water in the pail as you swing that bucket quickly overhead. The centrifugal force <b><i>always </i></b>points away from the center of curvature. Air moving in a cyclonic trough has the centrifugal force pointing away from the PGF. As a bonus, if you curl the fingers of your Coriolis Hand cyclonically in that trough, your thumb must be pointing upward which encourages ascending air and cloudy weather. The real gradient winds are weaker in the trough. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh4NysnlUka9BKGTGwUWmuCpqJureJg50lUIU9BXHCUAMRqRa1aV3AsCATsXtlh-lkv22aZoAHsEfUPVQlx28-9fd2cEZGgUoSjlaQwhjm6Q7aNG8-K8r5L21p7hGMM-B_JHyNOtA7Bcqrl5Buuw2tNmxq-GCLH1jPXI8eBUVuTk0akX0pPbZomIXxD=s1301" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="1301" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh4NysnlUka9BKGTGwUWmuCpqJureJg50lUIU9BXHCUAMRqRa1aV3AsCATsXtlh-lkv22aZoAHsEfUPVQlx28-9fd2cEZGgUoSjlaQwhjm6Q7aNG8-K8r5L21p7hGMM-B_JHyNOtA7Bcqrl5Buuw2tNmxq-GCLH1jPXI8eBUVuTk0akX0pPbZomIXxD=w400-h133" width="400" /></a></div><br />The opposite effect happens in an anticyclonic ridge. The centrifugal force points in the same direction as the PGF and your Coriolis thumb points downward (less cloud in a ridge). The real gradient winds are stronger in the ridge. Meteorologists call the wind that includes the centrifugal force with the geostrophic wind, the gradient wind and it is one step closer to explaining what we observe in nature.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhqCYRtoz_yVstnOJuAIxEZ9D5QA-rWVtFZgiphG_JKLrOQpHEevoolAkGLczDvQb-t_s9H4VcIR_wfmehAYoddHHjbTRmPEcWYjkdK6DgmPWk3zqqgIyOrPQHLmmLK5yNs5OlvHD5VMAplDJgMHOFsC-Ek8-NMZjAgDHrxp-C1UpbsCHwEE_byOLe=s1152" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="1152" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhqCYRtoz_yVstnOJuAIxEZ9D5QA-rWVtFZgiphG_JKLrOQpHEevoolAkGLczDvQb-t_s9H4VcIR_wfmehAYoddHHjbTRmPEcWYjkdK6DgmPWk3zqqgIyOrPQHLmmLK5yNs5OlvHD5VMAplDJgMHOFsC-Ek8-NMZjAgDHrxp-C1UpbsCHwEE_byOLe=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMaNtOOUaY-cWCzihcWjLLmk3lmJtFHMyWiNcw9BbMNnGpfD-be4m_bPKZoOe05oC4VZ3Wbpnu-WKuZQYw4jSyAkb2TEunkJxH5eMgMuklBJ82AGSyoi_ZsUUIYoE12ZkexZZIiSafafvdv_pg2e4Du1VIqMPCEuq9Swgp7CcmrTO_sfGiX1PKFM5H=s851" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="851" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMaNtOOUaY-cWCzihcWjLLmk3lmJtFHMyWiNcw9BbMNnGpfD-be4m_bPKZoOe05oC4VZ3Wbpnu-WKuZQYw4jSyAkb2TEunkJxH5eMgMuklBJ82AGSyoi_ZsUUIYoE12ZkexZZIiSafafvdv_pg2e4Du1VIqMPCEuq9Swgp7CcmrTO_sfGiX1PKFM5H=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>The gradient wind is what we observe in the free atmosphere that lies above the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Gravity waves are exactly perpendicular to the gradient wind so now we have a better understanding of both the gradient wind and those wave clouds - as I painted in #2083 "Moisture Conveyors". </p><br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgG_2JfYh1x4_cjfwDDPYyi56Lk35licwGn7C91EVEGFzTBoYCKSFwciLhLB0_4Id9ojOgUswyYieHD0vDv3pVZ9B5n4ubw2YW54A37vnv6J8orKS_QGTckNy5b5a3oq8bQr2QlSS7TTXXR6B-hovsIgw-noNA8KkT5eFDqE0ujTrYqYmoK8iDl37LT=s972" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="972" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgG_2JfYh1x4_cjfwDDPYyi56Lk35licwGn7C91EVEGFzTBoYCKSFwciLhLB0_4Id9ojOgUswyYieHD0vDv3pVZ9B5n4ubw2YW54A37vnv6J8orKS_QGTckNy5b5a3oq8bQr2QlSS7TTXXR6B-hovsIgw-noNA8KkT5eFDqE0ujTrYqYmoK8iDl37LT=w200-h167" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Today's Weather Maps</td></tr></tbody></table>The attached image is an actual series of maps depicting the pressure contours and isobars... They reveal just how complicated weather can be... The map below will only focus on the 500 mb pressure height contours (on the left) and the surface sea level isobars (on the right). This will not be on any exam. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhSEf_OivwkeFqawRTG7ZQSuelG3ebWh_HgwMHwoykTFij3PVpyqpKTzT0Wdvd-3Aq88An8ow4lnWoP0Iln_-2J4Z6cnNfdm0KXLJoLSBsvu4gvG9qdWs6AUkb-wougnthulGHxychJ5PQuaHVrOgjbYomHkihyERdZfPDgU4iwc3quwfgcfvCKaB7V=s1140" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="629" data-original-width="1140" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhSEf_OivwkeFqawRTG7ZQSuelG3ebWh_HgwMHwoykTFij3PVpyqpKTzT0Wdvd-3Aq88An8ow4lnWoP0Iln_-2J4Z6cnNfdm0KXLJoLSBsvu4gvG9qdWs6AUkb-wougnthulGHxychJ5PQuaHVrOgjbYomHkihyERdZfPDgU4iwc3quwfgcfvCKaB7V=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A real weather map explained... </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><div>We now understand the wind in the free atmosphere. To understand the winds in the planetary boundary level (PBL), we need to add in a fourth force - friction. But let us leave those for next Science Tuesday. If you understand the wind, you can understand the weather. Good things are never easy. </div><div><br /></div><div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div><br /><div><br /></div></div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-22133496422856951402022-01-24T14:46:00.000-05:002022-01-24T14:46:00.876-05:00 Cloud Streets and Langmuir Streaks<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgoVN_kAdB5xStkASf3d9rYwoZ854KpyKD1RD950T9wmZNR_EFLl7-cXCqAHnjryMtWPrfQVm2tjFBweH0aFn4oV36bOwHffxkjR3-CGxZlpjU8re2iR1sa6uZfmxEMP8BXNGuIHaUez6QttnWZDSNe8dQByAMJM1mXINmjSTn-q40CAsAij0-6g7HX=s800" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="800" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgoVN_kAdB5xStkASf3d9rYwoZ854KpyKD1RD950T9wmZNR_EFLl7-cXCqAHnjryMtWPrfQVm2tjFBweH0aFn4oV36bOwHffxkjR3-CGxZlpjU8re2iR1sa6uZfmxEMP8BXNGuIHaUez6QttnWZDSNe8dQByAMJM1mXINmjSTn-q40CAsAij0-6g7HX=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2573 "Halloween Sunset on Fire" 11x14 oils</td></tr></tbody></table><br />In <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2022/01/making-chili-science.html" target="_blank">Making Chili Science</a>, we used hand waving to describe how long lines of cloud form in the atmospheric planetary boundary level, the PBL. The cloud streets only required some wind, a boundary and a slight amount of instability perpendicular to the boundary. By the way, the Chili was delicious and heated on the wood stove! <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIDiPh5GORSjj6qMjtj9v33IR2Y9pdpVx7nYCuroclLxWGSjF7ty8jPew0O1jzpJ1aazbBveaxOIMhRgWBGMkdPRC61VMANO-aKd2QAvHvKlFPx9EKj8jiJDwimKRA-8wdlx_jorDmMvEOQ-e_PRiqgvWmVeyJBYrNBUT3l7y7oob9ROG0IJ6ztc2b=s1438" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1438" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIDiPh5GORSjj6qMjtj9v33IR2Y9pdpVx7nYCuroclLxWGSjF7ty8jPew0O1jzpJ1aazbBveaxOIMhRgWBGMkdPRC61VMANO-aKd2QAvHvKlFPx9EKj8jiJDwimKRA-8wdlx_jorDmMvEOQ-e_PRiqgvWmVeyJBYrNBUT3l7y7oob9ROG0IJ6ztc2b=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chili Science Graphic using Empty Bean Cans</td></tr></tbody></table><div><p>Similar lines occur on a lake and they appear in many of my paintings including "Halloween Sunset on Fire". The surface of the water is the boundary and it is easy to surmise that there can easily be some vertical motion of the water in the lake boundary layer. The lake boundary layer is called the mixed layer depth or the MLD in physical oceanography. Those lines in the lake form within 30 minutes of the wind shift. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEig8qU-r4WV5QLucLkj22bgJ6Vpj7TCBYUJOet2MpGphz8b10YrrfZpEUwN0_tz4p9Cu2dS_LlAyZyBamiuJLv4dw9betMo3R6QT2FXrKvAwCrpctl3FF-pFKfJrUDsfCtzBISIigGxhLMY0vR6m9dmA6ZEm1WrQGhsziNIK8O0vOX9NfE2VnuPpdbX=s960" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEig8qU-r4WV5QLucLkj22bgJ6Vpj7TCBYUJOet2MpGphz8b10YrrfZpEUwN0_tz4p9Cu2dS_LlAyZyBamiuJLv4dw9betMo3R6QT2FXrKvAwCrpctl3FF-pFKfJrUDsfCtzBISIigGxhLMY0vR6m9dmA6ZEm1WrQGhsziNIK8O0vOX9NfE2VnuPpdbX=s320" width="320" /></a></div>The comparison of the oceanic mixed layer depth (MLD) to the atmospheric planetary boundary level (PBL) is identical. When the stresses at the surface are large (wind, solar heating, friction) and the stratification is small, the fluid becomes well mixed. The properties of the fluid such as velocity, temperature, salinity and pollutants are nearly uniform in the vertical within the depth of mixed layer - whether the fluid be air or water. <p></p><p>The science in both the atmosphere and the ocean are essentially the same. The available explanatory graphics are typically much better in the oceanographic literature but we are working to change that starting with the Chili cans. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjh8utaC23-Hp0fBr89t5UoJwyZ2Y3N1xoeemcLHhva5kFg3XW5dL9f-Re3VPFYfJQ7Hgp6es1SAazkNxC4W2lP2xA-2eNFMiua2XA--ylr7YI8rLcfkEYANB6z0pc4opQ3I2IYSIFS1y4a8Ln3DQ3_LMHuaacEAyMF8po2FBpyuCUIH-DGR-bP5_vV=s900" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="900" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjh8utaC23-Hp0fBr89t5UoJwyZ2Y3N1xoeemcLHhva5kFg3XW5dL9f-Re3VPFYfJQ7Hgp6es1SAazkNxC4W2lP2xA-2eNFMiua2XA--ylr7YI8rLcfkEYANB6z0pc4opQ3I2IYSIFS1y4a8Ln3DQ3_LMHuaacEAyMF8po2FBpyuCUIH-DGR-bP5_vV=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Irving Langmuir (1881-1957)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="text-align: left;">It is important to be naturally curious and Irving Langmuir (1881-1957) was such a man. Langmuir was an American chemist and physicist who won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in surface chemistry. While observing windrows of seaweed in the Sargasso Sea in 1927, Irving developed his own brand of hand waving chili and he gave those streaks his name. In my painting above, I associate the calm and bright, mirrored bands as lines of downwelling. The rippled </span><span style="text-align: left;">bands are upwelling in the Langmuir Streak Conceptual Model. T</span><span style="text-align: left;">hink of the ripples as a shattered mirror in thousands of pieces primarily reflecting the larger area of dark sky overhead. The flat areas of calm water is a great mirror angled to best reflect the sunset on the horizon. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjqoUbwRtIDsR1t5vCn9vTnJgKCFisC9WD0Z9fkw3M5Uo8cBM3XZHN5et4nvEn4bq312hfc-Hv9sFvZLT2ErscA9gPWU9W4ovx685gfvjSgOeUvCKX9sVtVTuZDrdPZ4ifXG6iGROVdO1brJZ0_h8xlhhj-k0XTSlJngWoWORNc6Iurrvwri2ixJtge=s839" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="839" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjqoUbwRtIDsR1t5vCn9vTnJgKCFisC9WD0Z9fkw3M5Uo8cBM3XZHN5et4nvEn4bq312hfc-Hv9sFvZLT2ErscA9gPWU9W4ovx685gfvjSgOeUvCKX9sVtVTuZDrdPZ4ifXG6iGROVdO1brJZ0_h8xlhhj-k0XTSlJngWoWORNc6Iurrvwri2ixJtge=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXibZudr6wKYUPMWNm_6mivjRy_Ju7czkTgxPEdAPb6uONSvfUqAXMzmTleRtWn2QiCYGv6FKW-vEktzSYACU60_bOZbG3gxZu9hocgrAFs9qGhSf108VY-dQJX8dn4FD6aL3TSCge3DKkA42s8ek5eiO5ssfnjbpGNB7prfYIB2d2tGE2nvpEV-6B=s875" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="875" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXibZudr6wKYUPMWNm_6mivjRy_Ju7czkTgxPEdAPb6uONSvfUqAXMzmTleRtWn2QiCYGv6FKW-vEktzSYACU60_bOZbG3gxZu9hocgrAFs9qGhSf108VY-dQJX8dn4FD6aL3TSCge3DKkA42s8ek5eiO5ssfnjbpGNB7prfYIB2d2tGE2nvpEV-6B=w400-h183" width="400" /></a></div>The similarities between Langmuir Streaks and Cloud Streets are clearly not coincidental. Provide a boundary for a fluid, a dash of instability and stir briskly with wind … and nature will cook up a line within that well-mixed layer. The accompanying atmospheric example of turbulent stratocumulus cloud streets is based on a photo I took - artistic licence is not a factor in the photo. <p></p><p>This picture reveals all of the important facts. The wind direction is revealed by the gravity waves on the lake. The long lines of backlit cumuliform cloud are parallel to those winds. The process that created those lines are the same as described by our friend Irving Langmuir back in 1927 before the Great Depression. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiR717vKvvq7fD7HB2FPYyP40jQ67r_BrUFE5B-tu8cKaZrDtpKZ1uftPxGd6P5iWXFNaVdLsEhJaJuEkupIUWse4AfvAI58-pKz3Xvd5EtzfO2ZiELOusCt_YDiXyqJOqMQxgCg9NJ1Nd9OQloS32fTDw2cxPwm6PDtj55HJbSdz9EnPJcrJO0sUqW=s800" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="642" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiR717vKvvq7fD7HB2FPYyP40jQ67r_BrUFE5B-tu8cKaZrDtpKZ1uftPxGd6P5iWXFNaVdLsEhJaJuEkupIUWse4AfvAI58-pKz3Xvd5EtzfO2ZiELOusCt_YDiXyqJOqMQxgCg9NJ1Nd9OQloS32fTDw2cxPwm6PDtj55HJbSdz9EnPJcrJO0sUqW=s320" width="257" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#2468 "COVID Contrail Singleton Sunset"</td></tr></tbody></table>Langmuir Streak circulations also shape snowsqualls but we can look even further afield. Long lines of cirrus cloud can also be see at the top of the troposphere! It was not a big step for me to also call those icy bands of cirrus, Langmuir Streaks. The tropopause is the stable layer at the top of the portion of the atmosphere which contains much of our weather. The "trop" is a very effective boundary in the atmospheric fluid. The jet stream provides the wind that mixes everything together in the layer beneath the tropopause. The relative jet speed maximum provides the vertical instability. Presto, lines of cirrus appear in what was previously just called a single mass of baroclinic zone cirrus. <p></p><p>The dominant line on the left in the accompanying painting is a jet contrail but the rest of the banding in the cirrus is the result of Langmuir Streaks. The gravity waves within the bands reveal the wind direction. I also used this painting to describe the drifting contrail. That <a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2021/02/weather-watching-guide-contrails.html" target="_blank">contrail post</a><a href="http://philtheforecaster.blogspot.com/2021/02/weather-watching-guide-contrails.html" target="_blank"> </a>contains the original photographic inspiration that is free of any artistic licence . </p><p>Art and science are the same thing and both are inspired by observing the nature of things - being naturally curious. Just my opinion of course. None of this stuff is going to be on any pop quiz anytime soon. </p><p>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</p><p>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</p><br /><p><br /></p><div><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div></div>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8823419872713263839.post-55329420415627027782022-01-17T13:14:00.015-05:002022-01-17T13:23:20.230-05:00Making Chili Science<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="800" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjdhXmVIwz6EPNTZlcOalN5FEpg-KeIzRd0pMm4DWZMR_WP2hDv5ED6jceiIuD57t9hQ8PJlnGYXnUZHpvUHKWBM5cO2YRLD_GI70QH2o-rbrmHggZtPBo4ugn5iy2InCfkXSd8Lz6aSgjIM69yPi-R6WOhBfJdK6_2D8jYJXDTFLJqljiq14-a7w3T=s320" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#0839 "Cold Air Mass Cumulus" 8x10<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>This is the next installment in knowing the weather through observing the wind. <p>I would tend to dream on quiet night shifts playing thought experiments in my mind when examining satellite imagery. The simpler the explanation, the more likely it would be to bear fruit and to circulate among the team. Here is one of my favourites. </p><p>Imagine large pencils rolling along a table. I used colloured pencils a lot when working the forecast desk. Friction provided by the table and even a gentle push at the top gets the pencils rolling. In today's reinvention of that nightshift, we were making Chili during a snowstorm, so I used cans – same idea but tastier. </p><p>These hand waving thought experiments from night shift required both of my hands with me looking along the direction of the wind in the accompanying graphic. Bodies are biologically constrained so that the fingers must be curled in the same orientation as the rolling pencil or bean can.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhoWcOka0_ya-OdLJxu4z-WCOQA4b7_ar4PW7KoAl9PJk1NevU5szzLJ3WKK7Y5TVvk1H-_bg6_dos-CS3itcfhI4M0G44AfbN-6hvylAyFOn4eHMs_SL4sEbQ3eCf4R28pepvFf7dAJAKAlGi92K_lplNSNZ2qHI5ivFFWGYIlezlyaGyPx2xufSrX=s795" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="659" data-original-width="795" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhoWcOka0_ya-OdLJxu4z-WCOQA4b7_ar4PW7KoAl9PJk1NevU5szzLJ3WKK7Y5TVvk1H-_bg6_dos-CS3itcfhI4M0G44AfbN-6hvylAyFOn4eHMs_SL4sEbQ3eCf4R28pepvFf7dAJAKAlGi92K_lplNSNZ2qHI5ivFFWGYIlezlyaGyPx2xufSrX=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Two Cans Rolling on the Floor</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Now imagine any non-uniformity like a locally stronger push on one of the cans. That push is equivalent to a locally stronger wind. This situation is exactly analogous to what happens in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) of the atmosphere. Friction at the surface slows the wind while aloft, the stronger wind is never perfectly uniform. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_frrYgMXpnv9Ej63_vjU2M9YdT4QhqX3VeCS9mXIYkjeB4Zts5NIOdFUzumCIXvVopZ7UmMu4AlZe8ic4eK1ZHN2IbJWgKiRm41Upa-BI9GBSK9PgDc9ogkiU8HpATrqux2XR9kBQ27FPc1YHhjZoJed--f8-13kWOpSQW10GV4yB1qXm6tTCQzD4=s659" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="659" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_frrYgMXpnv9Ej63_vjU2M9YdT4QhqX3VeCS9mXIYkjeB4Zts5NIOdFUzumCIXvVopZ7UmMu4AlZe8ic4eK1ZHN2IbJWgKiRm41Upa-BI9GBSK9PgDc9ogkiU8HpATrqux2XR9kBQ27FPc1YHhjZoJed--f8-13kWOpSQW10GV4yB1qXm6tTCQzD4=w200-h184" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Venturi Meter and Bernoulli's Principle </td></tr></tbody></table>Now let’s invoke Bernoulli's principle which states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure. Bernoulli said a lot more but without getting into the math, the local decrease in pressure encourages air inflow towards the locally stronger wind speeds. Air must flow from higher to lower pressure. The pressure gradient directs air inward toward my thumbs where the wind speed is stronger. <p></p><p>What happens when the stronger wind speed is applied to the rolling cans over a period of time?</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiwyNrOusjb2SWPfsg1Bhsk8nFo79shzWtBomI9Zq3gMZWaiyTQ8WaDT1T_dAYSOfKR92AQZOwhqkBRdwb5FHPqqcUO4gsjIZODyGVWCujfEeYVei9XhIhRp--UFwfEhAezpvay4PlMj9WDgv_0ZhhpAZGRmFujTdOziqAYfwH7fdUyXK-bBMaD-qW9=s808" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="808" data-original-width="711" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiwyNrOusjb2SWPfsg1Bhsk8nFo79shzWtBomI9Zq3gMZWaiyTQ8WaDT1T_dAYSOfKR92AQZOwhqkBRdwb5FHPqqcUO4gsjIZODyGVWCujfEeYVei9XhIhRp--UFwfEhAezpvay4PlMj9WDgv_0ZhhpAZGRmFujTdOziqAYfwH7fdUyXK-bBMaD-qW9=s320" width="282" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">If I then turn my thumbs to align with the stronger wind of the speed increase, the thumbs must also align. The sense of rotation of the fingers from both hands, complement each other and a local updraft is created as you gaze down on your fingertips. Air convergence also creates an updraft – the air has to go somewhere! If the resultant lift is sufficient to reach the lifted condensation level for the air mass, a cumulus cloud is born. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">If we try to immerse ourselves in the atmospheric frame of reference, the local speed maximum must be shouldered by local speed minima, at least in a relative sense. On that night shift, I flipped my thumbs around to point in the opposite direction in order to simulate the relative speed minimum. This is a simple slight of hand. Do not rotate your body or move your arms. Being biologically constrained once again, the fingers of my hand now circulated downward. The air in the local minimum was descending. If there was cloud, it was dissipating in the sinking air. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The final step was to add the circulations formed with the local speed maxima to the speed minima. The circulations from my fingers merged together perfectly. The resultant pattern could be replicated as far as the wind regime permitted. </div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhFZJiEClHSf2Oa0LiaQAxlpE9Y2CKKsIXkR6tBThaUFm-FclUNXyJu8A3VLrhiv_MVQEqpQqmL3-uLBMMth0qZUI-iXDVGNna0Oe_b1X0iSisQjX5pQx6V2_SHInbKURKr-clz-5yew566S70dIbZQh6a4LK49U6E9tmNJFI2IAMyl_SqY2vjLowlN=s1438" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1438" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhFZJiEClHSf2Oa0LiaQAxlpE9Y2CKKsIXkR6tBThaUFm-FclUNXyJu8A3VLrhiv_MVQEqpQqmL3-uLBMMth0qZUI-iXDVGNna0Oe_b1X0iSisQjX5pQx6V2_SHInbKURKr-clz-5yew566S70dIbZQh6a4LK49U6E9tmNJFI2IAMyl_SqY2vjLowlN=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Locally Stronger Wind<br />Shouldered by Locally Weaker Winds</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">But why a line? On that night shift, I invoked the continuity equation. Air converging to a pressure decrease caused by a locally stronger wind speed can be self-sustaining. In an unstable environment that encourages the growth of cumulus cloud, the initial cumulus cloud will be guided by the wind. The conditions that caused the first cloud to form, will also result in a second and a third cloud. Before one can say “a mix of sun and cloud”, a line of cumulus guided by the wind has formed. On the bright side, a line of clear skies shoulders the street of cumulus. This pattern is simply copied and pasted across the landscape. Cloud streets happen every day... </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgtrI04DToynkp4zkW_UlKJGBNl0yxujJyc73g_TAgRIbcgKpGwhfsatqQpbmW-c_50TPs3ZqksMo2VVnoo7ui5YpIQ1BE-e_m3qGjYaN376WRlga9E8NiCobgOuYwpAUn_glIWjw0Mg4uFMxRC7t3_ZrAfY27wFIg6RlbQL330ESBotoeYX9XajFwx=s800" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="800" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgtrI04DToynkp4zkW_UlKJGBNl0yxujJyc73g_TAgRIbcgKpGwhfsatqQpbmW-c_50TPs3ZqksMo2VVnoo7ui5YpIQ1BE-e_m3qGjYaN376WRlga9E8NiCobgOuYwpAUn_glIWjw0Mg4uFMxRC7t3_ZrAfY27wFIg6RlbQL330ESBotoeYX9XajFwx=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Snowsqualls are great examples of cloud streets</td></tr></tbody></table><div>The wind rolling pencils or cans on a table top can create cloud streets parallel to those winds. This movie played out in my mind but was confirmed by the satellite image. More on these concepts to follow. </div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Warmest regards and keep your paddle in the water,</div><div><br /></div><div>Phil the Forecaster Chadwick</div><p><br /></p>The Art of Phil Chadwickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07100281940213651166noreply@blogger.com1