Shifting Winds? Why?

#1794 "July Sunrise 2016"

Why do winds shift? The answer to this simple question is important. If one witnesses a shift in the wind, then they will know what it means. Shifting winds also influence the shape of the deformation zone and that is where I am headed. If one observes a characteristically shaped deformation zone, then you will know what the weather is doing. The answer is indeed blowing with the wind! 

The proof that the above is true is interesting science and it will also allow you to refresh what backing (the wind vector turning counter-clockwise) and veering (turning clockwise) winds mean. I will also suggest a more direct and global alternative to veering and backing that leads directly to the meteorology and is easier to remember. 

One of the earliest meteorological lessons includes the phrase “BC VW”. Even scientists use mnemonic methods to remember important things. What this little ditty means is that in the northern hemisphere a Backing wind is associated with Cold air advection, while a Veering wind means Warm air advection. Apparently it also means that there were a lot of Volkswagen vehicles in British Columbia in the 1970’s when I was on Meteorological Course 33 but I doubt if that is still the case. 

But we need to take a step backward first and ask why there is any wind at all! The atmosphere moves as a wind because the temperature around the earth varies considerably. The equatorial, tropical areas are hot while the poles are cold. Hot air over the tropics is less dense and occupies great volumes and create mountainous air masses. Cold air over the poles is considerably more dense and occupies much less volume.  There is a flow of air from the mountainous air masses over the tropics toward the comparative air mass valleys over the poles. This flow of air is deflected by the Coriolis Force as explained in "The Solution to Cloud Swirls Can Be Found in Your Hands". In the Northern Hemisphere this poleward moving air is deflected to the right by the Coriolis Force. The resultant wind is called the "thermal wind" because it results from the temperature difference between the warm and the cold regions. In the Northern Hemisphere, place your left hand in the cold air and your right hand in the warm air and you will be looking along the direction that the thermal wind must blow.

The westerly jet stream is a thermal wind and its speed depends on the temperature difference between the equator and the poles. Right now the poles are heating up much faster (perhaps 10 times faster) than the equator which weakens this temperature difference and in turn diminishes the jet stream. The resultant meandering current of air still guides the weather systems but is changing the climate globally ... alas that is another story for another day - although I have written about it for decades now...  

Weather is required to stir these temperatures around and to keep the earth in balance. Warm air is generally moved northward and cold air is directed to the south by weather systems. Heat energy is just one of the quantities that is moved by weather to keep the earth in balance.

Traditionally, wind shear vectors are used to describe thermal advection. The temperature induced wind shear vector is simply the thermal wind and is the large block arrow in the following graphics. A southerly wind vector that moves warm air northward must have the thermal wind shear vector added to it as they occupy the same space. The vector addition occurs over the height of the temperature gradient. This vector addition requires that the southerly wind must also veer (wind vector turns clockwise) with height. 

Warm Advection Occurs when the wind Veers with Height

My simple graphic illustrates this well accepted principle. Warm air is moved northward. Winds veer with height. Heat energy is moved from the hot equatorial source areas to the cold Arctic. The earth stays in balance.

Cold air advection is the exact opposite. Cold air is moved southward. Winds back (wind vector turns counter-clockwise) with height. Cold energy is moved from the cold Arctic source region to the equator. 

Cold Advection Occurs when the wind Backs with Height

The weather tries to keep the planet in an energy balance. In the above graphics the wind shear is with with height. The strength of the thermal advection changes with time only as a result of the changes in the temperature gradient which must also change the thermal wind. 

The following was devised it on night shift in the late 1980s but I was unable to explain the concepts well enough to get acceptance. It is my fault that the following ideas are not mainstream meteorology. But I do not give up either. 

Let’s consider wind shear with time. If a wind vector veers with time, the change vector or wind shear must be the result of a thermal gradient at that specific level. The southerly component of the wind vector must advect the warm air northward. With time the southerly component of the veering wind will decrease along with the strength of the thermal advection. The take home message is that wind veering with time must be associated with warm advection although the intensity of that advection must also decrease with time.

Warm Advection at a Specific Height Level with Time

The same thought experiment applies equally well for cold advection. Winds backing with time must be associated with cold thermal advection diminishing with time.

Cold Advection at a Specific Height Level with Time

This veering and backing of the wind with time does not need to be quantitative in any way. I was simply looking for the qualitative nature of the wind shifts and trying to understand what it might mean.

This work further simplifies the already simple "BC VW" that I was taught on course in 1977 to remember how thermal advection works. This mnemonic was only intended to apply to vertical wind shear in space but I have shown that it applies equally well to time. Further, one can see that cloud lines in the atmosphere also play by these rules. Cloud lines changes with time can reveal many weather secrets. 

But wait, there is more. Here is a simpler and global approach to understanding thermal advections that employs your meteorological Coriolis force hand. 

That magical appendage. the Coriolis hand is at the end of your right arm if you live in the Northern Hemisphere and your left limb if you are down under, south of the equator. Warm advection shifting of winds will turn the wind vector anticyclonically so point your thumb downward to see which way warm advection will rotate the wind.  The wind vector must twist cyclonically under cold advection so point your thumb upward to view the cold rotation of the wind. Thermal advection is simple with thumbs down for warming and thumbs up for cooling. In this era of runaway Greenhouse burning of the planet, a thumbs up for cooling makes sense. Veering and backing of wind typically confused people anyway. This visual approach to thermal advections using a body part is more fun as well. 

These are powerful tools to better understand the weather. I will illustrate them in the next Blog. The answers can be found in the shapes of the deformation zone - my favourite meteorological conceptual model. 

Keep you paddle in the water and warmest regards... stay safe, 

Phil the Forecaster Chadwick

Lines and Swirls in an Unbalanced Atmosphere

 

#2277 "Singleton Summer Clouds"

I watched a buoyant cumulus rising in the spring sunshine. It reminded me that it was time for the next instalment in weather appreciation. Give me a swirl, and I will give you a line and three more swirls. Or give me a line and I will return the favour with four swirls. The weather is lyrical and understanding what those swirls and lines are saying is real meteorology. Weather is not a battle; weather is more like a ballet of forces and physics. All you need is your imagination and your right hand (for the northern hemisphere, but use your left hand if you are south of the equator). 

I typically see the lines first before swirls. The lines are boundaries between different air characteristics. One side of the line is probably warmer and more moist. The cloud elements can be witnessed as wonderful tracers of motion while the other side is cooler and drier and cloud free. The lines control the weather and they are easily understood. These lines are also created in the atmospheric frame of reference. Our 2D conceptual model is still informative regarding the processes and shapes in the 3D world of the smoke rings - but much simpler to describe in a planar world. 

The Deformation Zone (DZ) Conceptual Model of
Two opposing Puffs along the Axis of Contraction
; The DZ Line and the The Four Swirls

 

As described in the previous Weather Appreciation Blog “Down to Earth Meteorology” the balanced, straight line deformation zone is probably the most useful and fundamental of all conceptual models. But it can take on many variations. 

The atmospheric environment is rarely in balance. Heat, moisture, electrical charge and a host of other quantities are always being transported up and down and north and south to try to keep the earth in harmony. 

Now imagine that the puff of air that generates the smoke ring is unbalanced and strong and directed toward the deformation zone. The strong puff generates intense, adjacent, companion swirls. The angular momentum of the strong swirls of the smoke ring is a conservative property that only decay with turbulence and time. The meteorological horizontal cross section reveals companion vorticities of the same strength bordering the strong puff. I use larger fonts to depict more intense vorticity swirls. 

The confluent asymptotes that stretch outward from the col can be no longer straight. The confluent asymptote bordering the cyclonic swirl must curl cyclonically. The companion anticyclonic confluent asymptote bordering the anticyclonic swirl must be curled anticyclonically. The new deformation zone comprised of these two confluent asymptotes joined at the col, resembles a drawn  bow that is pulled and releasing the strong puff of air. The air and weather system are moving in the direction shot by the bow. The strong swirls can be easily understood in 3D by using the appropriate hand. 

The effects of the strong puff also impact the meteorology on the opposite side of the deformation zone. As the cyclonic confluent asymptote becomes more cyclonically curved, the paired anticyclonic swirl across the DZ finds itself in a larger volume of air. Like a figure skater extending their arms, the rate of rotation for that “N” decreases even while the angular momentum remains conservative and unchanged. An identical process happens simultaneously with the paired cyclonic swirl, the red "X".  

As those two swirls slow their rate of rotation, the inflow puff between them must also slow. A change in just one element of the deformation zone conceptual model is communicated to every other element and changes everything! In addition, these principles apply at all scales of motion from the microscopic to the cosmic. The creative human can watch these patterns unfold in the sky and really understand. 

A 2 dimensional look at the changing deformation zone is sufficient to explain what happens in 3D.  My friends in COMET created straw-dog animations of some of these principles, many years ago (2006 and 2007). This material was well outside my official duties but I felt it was important to get these concepts documented from night shifts many years previous. The COMET animator was gifted and gifted me with these representations of mind-wanderings  free from daily distractions. I wanted to illustrate how a change in any single component of the DZ conceptual model is communicated to influence the other components.

The curvature of the confluent asymptote reveals which of the paired vorticity swirls is stronger. This is a powerful thing to know with respect to the weather...

In the painting, each individual cumulus is a strong, nearly vertical puff with a 3D smoke ring within the visible cloud. The 3D patterns can be described by 2D lines. There are strong and bold vertical strokes in the painting linked to bumps in the cauliflower cloud head. Each links to a smaller, vertical puff of air and a smaller repetition of the same conceptual model. As I painted, I thought of Lewis Fry Richardson  (1881-1953). Lewis was an English mathematician, physicist, meteorologist, psychologist and pacifist who pioneered modern mathematical techniques of weather forecasting, and the application of similar techniques to studying the causes of wars and how to prevent them. Our lives overlapped just a few months but I would have like Lewis a lot. He wrote the following rhyme and I painted that into the cumulus clouds. 

“Big whirls have little whirls,

That feed on their velocity;

And little whirls have lesser whirls,

And so on to viscosity.”

Keep you paddle in the water (making both lines and
swirls) and warmest regards,

Phil the Forecaster Chadwick